{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:03:33Z","timestamp":1772327013460,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To determine whether increased precipitation in the months before diagnosis is predictive of Lyme nephritis in dogs, a symmetrical bidirectional case-crossover study was performed on 87 dogs with presumptive Lyme nephritis. Cases were geographically linked to the nearest precipitation monitoring station, and monthly total precipitation for the 4 mo preceding diagnosis was compared to monthly total precipitation 1 yr before and 1 yr after. Breeds affected included Labrador retrievers (n = 31), mixed-breed dogs (n = 19), and golden retrievers (n = 10), with a possible seasonal bimodal peak in spring and fall. In age-adjusted analysis, each additional inch of precipitation 3 mo before diagnosis was associated with an increase in the odds of developing Lyme nephritis (odds ratio 1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.01\u20131.25). The results suggest that increased precipitation is a possible risk factor for Lyme nephritis in dogs. These findings may provide useful information for the accurate diagnosis of dogs with protein-losing nephropathy and may guide future studies of risk factors for Lyme nephritis. The methodology employed here reinforces the concept that case-crossover designs have utility beyond acute exposures and outcomes and offer an attractive alternative for studies in companion animals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-7311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]],"date-time":"2022-12-30T14:25:24Z","timestamp":1672410324000},"page":"20-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Precipitation as a Possible Risk Factor for Development of Lyme Nephritis in Dogs"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Patrick C.","family":"Carney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell Small Animal Community Practice, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b1","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"85","article-title":"Morphologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of a distinctive renal lesion in dogs putatively associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection: 49 cases (1987\u20131992)","volume":"34","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dambach\n              DM\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSmithCA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLewisRM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tMorphologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of a distinctive renal lesion in dogs putatively associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection: 49 cases (1987\u20131992).\n\t\t\t\t\tVet Pathol1997;34:85\u201396."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"422","article-title":"ACVIM small animal consensus statement on Lyme disease in dogs: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"20","year":"2006","unstructured":"Littman\n              MP\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGoldsteinRE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLabatoMA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tACVIM small animal consensus statement on Lyme disease in dogs: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Intern Med2006;20:422\u201334."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b3","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Car","first-page":"163","article-title":"Lyme nephritis","volume":"23","year":"2013","unstructured":"Littman\n              MP.\n            \n          \n          Lyme nephritis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Car2013;23:163\u201373."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1260","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in tissues from dogs with presumptive Lyme borreliosis","volume":"229","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chou\n              J\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tW\u00fcunschmannA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHodzicE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tDetection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in tissues from dogs with presumptive Lyme borreliosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Vet Med Assoc2006;229:1260\u20135."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b5","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"860","article-title":"Search for Borrelia burgdorferi in kidneys of dogs with suspected \u201cLyme nephritis.\u201d","volume":"22","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hutton\n              TA\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGoldsteinRE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNjaaBL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tSearch for Borrelia burgdorferi in kidneys of dogs with suspected \u201cLyme nephritis.\u201dJ Vet Intern Med2008;22:860\u20135."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Assessing the association between the geographic distribution of deer ticks and seropositivity rates to various tick-transmitted disease organisms in dogs","volume":"218","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hinrichsen\n              VL\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWhitworthUG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBreitschwerdtEB,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tAssessing the association between the geographic distribution of deer ticks and seropositivity rates to various tick-transmitted disease organisms in dogs.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:1092\u20137."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b7","series-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl","first-page":"3054","article-title":"Lyme disease-associated glomerulonephritis","volume":"26","year":"2011","unstructured":"McCausland\n              FR\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNiedermaierS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBijolV,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tLyme disease-associated glomerulonephritis.\n\t\t\t\t\tNephrol Dial Transpl2011;26:3054\u20136."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1373","article-title":"Evaluation of the diagnostic value of serologic microagglutination testing and a polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in dogs in a referral center","volume":"242","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fraune\n              CK\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSchweighauserA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFranceyT.\n          Evaluation of the diagnostic value of serologic microagglutination testing and a polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in dogs in a referral center.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Vet Med Assoc2013;242:1373\u201380."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b9","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","first-page":"7","article-title":"Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three connecticut communities","volume":"20","year":"1977","unstructured":"Steere\n              AC\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMalawistaSE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSnydmanDR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tLyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three connecticut communities.\n\t\t\t\t\tArthritis Rheum1977;20:7\u201317."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b10","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"312","article-title":"Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis: epidemiologic evidence for a tick vector","volume":"108","year":"1978","unstructured":"Steere\n              AC\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBroderickTF,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMalawistaSE.\n          Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis: epidemiologic evidence for a tick vector.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Epidemiol1978;108:312\u201321."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b11","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"355","article-title":"Mice as reservoirs of the Lyme-disease spirochete","volume":"34","year":"1985","unstructured":"Levine\n              JF\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWilsonML,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSpielmanA.\n          Mice as reservoirs of the Lyme-disease spirochete.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Trop Med Hyg1985;34:355\u201360."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b12","series-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis","first-page":"46","article-title":"Transovarial transmission of Borrelia spirochetes by Ixodes scapularis: a summary of the literature and recent observations","volume":"4","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rollend\n              L\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFishD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChildsJE.\n          Transovarial transmission of Borrelia spirochetes by Ixodes scapularis: a summary of the literature and recent observations.\n\t\t\t\t\tTicks Tick-Borne Dis2013;4:46\u201351."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b13","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"777","article-title":"The relationship between deer density, tick abundance, and human cases of Lyme disease in a residential community","volume":"51","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kilpatrick\n              HJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLabonteAM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tStaffordKC.\n          The relationship between deer density, tick abundance, and human cases of Lyme disease in a residential community.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Med Entomol2014;51:777\u201384."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b14","series-title":"Parasite Vector","first-page":"181","article-title":"Adverse moisture events predict seasonal abundance of Lyme disease vector ticks (Ixodes scapularis)","volume":"7","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berger\n              KA\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGinsbergHS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDugasKD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tAdverse moisture events predict seasonal abundance of Lyme disease vector ticks (Ixodes scapularis).\n\t\t\t\t\tParasite Vector2014;7:181."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b15","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"375","article-title":"A dynamic population model to investigate effects of climate on geographic range and seasonality of the tick Ixodes scapularis","volume":"35","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ogden\n              NH\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBigras-PoulinM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tO\u2019CallaghanCJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tA dynamic population model to investigate effects of climate on geographic range and seasonality of the tick Ixodes scapularis.\n\t\t\t\t\tInt J Parasitol2005;35:375\u201389."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b16","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"769","article-title":"Relative humidity and activity patterns of Ixodes scapularis","volume":"51","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berger\n              KA\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGinsbergHS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGonzalezL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tRelative humidity and activity patterns of Ixodes scapularis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Med Entomol2014;51:769\u201376."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b17","series-title":"Epidemiology","first-page":"539","article-title":"Control for seasonal variation and time trend in case-crossover studies of acute effects of environmental exposures","volume":"10","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bateson\n              TF\n            \n            \n              Schwartz\n              J.\n            \n          \n          Control for seasonal variation and time trend in case-crossover studies of acute effects of environmental exposures.\n\t\t\t\t\tEpidemiology1999;10:539\u201344."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b18","series-title":"Surv Rev","first-page":"88","article-title":"Direct and inverse solutions of geodesics on the ellipsoid with application of nested equations","volume":"23","year":"1975","unstructured":"Vincenty\n              T.\n            \n          \n          Direct and inverse solutions of geodesics on the ellipsoid with application of nested equations.\n\t\t\t\t\tSurv Rev1975;23:88\u201393."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b19","series-title":"J Infect Dis","first-page":"651","article-title":"Experimental Lyme disease in dogs produces arthritis and persistent infection","volume":"167","year":"1993","unstructured":"Appel\n              MJG\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAllanS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tJacobsonRH,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tExperimental Lyme disease in dogs produces arthritis and persistent infection.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Infect Dis1993;167:651\u20134."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b20","series-title":"Med Microbiol Immun","first-page":"27","article-title":"Experimental infection of dogs with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto using Ixodes scapularis ticks artificially infected by capillary feeding","volume":"193","year":"2004","unstructured":"Korshus\n              JB\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMunderlohUG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBeyRF,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tExperimental infection of dogs with Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto using Ixodes scapularis ticks artificially infected by capillary feeding.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Microbiol Immun2004;193:27\u201334."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b21","series-title":"Infect Dis Clin N Am","first-page":"217","article-title":"Biology of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"22","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tilly\n              K\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tRosaPA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tStewartPE.\n          Biology of infection with Borrelia burgdorferi.\n\t\t\t\t\tInfect Dis Clin N Am2008;22:217\u201334."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b22","series-title":"Med Vet Entomol","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of white-tailed deer on the spread of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"31","year":"2016","unstructured":"Roome\n              A\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHillL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tAl-FeghaliV,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tImpact of white-tailed deer on the spread of Borrelia burgdorferi.\n\t\t\t\t\tMed Vet Entomol2016;31:1\u20135."},{"issue":"s1","key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b23","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"S60","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for treatment for dogs with serology positive glomerular disease","volume":"27","year":"2013","unstructured":"Goldstein\n              RE\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBrovidaC,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFern\u00e1ndez-del PalacioMJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tConsensus recommendations for treatment for dogs with serology positive glomerular disease.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Intern Med2013;27(s1):S60\u20136."},{"issue":"s1","key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b24","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"S44","article-title":"Consensus recommendations for immunosuppressive treatment of dogs with glomerular disease based on established pathology","volume":"27","year":"2013","unstructured":"Segev\n              G\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCowgillLD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHeieneR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tConsensus recommendations for immunosuppressive treatment of dogs with glomerular disease based on established pathology.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Intern Med2013;27(s1):S44\u201354."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b25","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"893","article-title":"Clinical and epizootiologic characteristics of dogs seropositive for Borrelia burgdorferi in Texas: 110 cases (1988)","volume":"197","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cohen\n              ND\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tCarterCN,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tThomasMA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tClinical and epizootiologic characteristics of dogs seropositive for Borrelia burgdorferi in Texas: 110 cases (1988).\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Vet Med Assoc1990;197:893\u20138."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b26","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"253","article-title":"Induction and latent periods","volume":"114","year":"1981","unstructured":"Rothman\n              KJ.\n            \n          \n          Induction and latent periods.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Epidemiol1981;114:253\u20139."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b1","series-title":"Vet Pathol","first-page":"85","article-title":"Morphologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of a distinctive renal lesion in dogs putatively associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection: 49 cases (1987\u20131992)","volume":"34","year":"1997","unstructured":"Dambach\n              DM\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSmithCA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLewisRM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tMorphologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural characterization of a distinctive renal lesion in dogs putatively associated with Borrelia burgdorferi infection: 49 cases (1987\u20131992).\n\t\t\t\t\tVet Pathol1997;34:85\u201396."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b2","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"422","article-title":"ACVIM small animal consensus statement on Lyme disease in dogs: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention","volume":"20","year":"2006","unstructured":"Littman\n              MP\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGoldsteinRE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLabatoMA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tACVIM small animal consensus statement on Lyme disease in dogs: diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Intern Med2006;20:422\u201334."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b3","series-title":"J Vet Emerg Crit Car","first-page":"163","article-title":"Lyme nephritis","volume":"23","year":"2013","unstructured":"Littman\n              MP.\n            \n          \n          Lyme nephritis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Vet Emerg Crit Car2013;23:163\u201373."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b4","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1260","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in tissues from dogs with presumptive Lyme borreliosis","volume":"229","year":"2006","unstructured":"Chou\n              J\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tW\u00fcunschmannA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tHodzicE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tDetection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in tissues from dogs with presumptive Lyme borreliosis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Vet Med Assoc2006;229:1260\u20135."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b5","series-title":"J Vet Intern Med","first-page":"860","article-title":"Search for Borrelia burgdorferi in kidneys of dogs with suspected \u201cLyme nephritis.\u201d","volume":"22","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hutton\n              TA\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGoldsteinRE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNjaaBL,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tSearch for Borrelia burgdorferi in kidneys of dogs with suspected \u201cLyme nephritis.\u201dJ Vet Intern Med2008;22:860\u20135."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b6","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1092","article-title":"Assessing the association between the geographic distribution of deer ticks and seropositivity rates to various tick-transmitted disease organisms in dogs","volume":"218","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hinrichsen\n              VL\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWhitworthUG,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBreitschwerdtEB,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tAssessing the association between the geographic distribution of deer ticks and seropositivity rates to various tick-transmitted disease organisms in dogs.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:1092\u20137."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b7","series-title":"Nephrol Dial Transpl","first-page":"3054","article-title":"Lyme disease-associated glomerulonephritis","volume":"26","year":"2011","unstructured":"McCausland\n              FR\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tNiedermaierS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBijolV,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tLyme disease-associated glomerulonephritis.\n\t\t\t\t\tNephrol Dial Transpl2011;26:3054\u20136."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b8","series-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc","first-page":"1373","article-title":"Evaluation of the diagnostic value of serologic microagglutination testing and a polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in dogs in a referral center","volume":"242","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fraune\n              CK\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSchweighauserA,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFranceyT.\n          Evaluation of the diagnostic value of serologic microagglutination testing and a polymerase chain reaction assay for diagnosis of acute leptospirosis in dogs in a referral center.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Am Vet Med Assoc2013;242:1373\u201380."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b9","series-title":"Arthritis Rheum","first-page":"7","article-title":"Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three connecticut communities","volume":"20","year":"1977","unstructured":"Steere\n              AC\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMalawistaSE,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSnydmanDR,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tLyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three connecticut communities.\n\t\t\t\t\tArthritis Rheum1977;20:7\u201317."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b10","series-title":"Am J Epidemiol","first-page":"312","article-title":"Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis: epidemiologic evidence for a tick vector","volume":"108","year":"1978","unstructured":"Steere\n              AC\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBroderickTF,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tMalawistaSE.\n          Erythema chronicum migrans and Lyme arthritis: epidemiologic evidence for a tick vector.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Epidemiol1978;108:312\u201321."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b11","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"355","article-title":"Mice as reservoirs of the Lyme-disease spirochete","volume":"34","year":"1985","unstructured":"Levine\n              JF\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tWilsonML,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tSpielmanA.\n          Mice as reservoirs of the Lyme-disease spirochete.\n\t\t\t\t\tAm J Trop Med Hyg1985;34:355\u201360."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b12","series-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis","first-page":"46","article-title":"Transovarial transmission of Borrelia spirochetes by Ixodes scapularis: a summary of the literature and recent observations","volume":"4","year":"2013","unstructured":"Rollend\n              L\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tFishD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tChildsJE.\n          Transovarial transmission of Borrelia spirochetes by Ixodes scapularis: a summary of the literature and recent observations.\n\t\t\t\t\tTicks Tick-Borne Dis2013;4:46\u201351."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b13","series-title":"J Med Entomol","first-page":"777","article-title":"The relationship between deer density, tick abundance, and human cases of Lyme disease in a residential community","volume":"51","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kilpatrick\n              HJ\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tLabonteAM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tStaffordKC.\n          The relationship between deer density, tick abundance, and human cases of Lyme disease in a residential community.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Med Entomol2014;51:777\u201384."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b14","series-title":"Parasite Vector","first-page":"181","article-title":"Adverse moisture events predict seasonal abundance of Lyme disease vector ticks (Ixodes scapularis)","volume":"7","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berger\n              KA\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tGinsbergHS,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tDugasKD,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tAdverse moisture events predict seasonal abundance of Lyme disease vector ticks (Ixodes scapularis).\n\t\t\t\t\tParasite Vector2014;7:181."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-1-20-b15","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"375","article-title":"A dynamic population model to investigate effects of climate on geographic range and seasonality of the tick Ixodes scapularis","volume":"35","year":"2005","unstructured":"Ogden\n              NH\n            ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tBigras-PoulinM,\n\t\t\t\t\t\tO\u2019CallaghanCJ,\n\t\t\t\t\t\n        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