{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T20:37:28Z","timestamp":1778704648655,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"American Animal Hospital Association","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A 9 mo old male Labrador retriever presented for investigation into persistent urinary incontinence. Abdominal ultrasound and retrograde urethrocystogram with computed tomography documented a uterus masculinus (UM), which was confirmed on histopathology after surgical removal. A connection between the UM and the urethra was present, documented by positive contrast retrograde urethrocystography and confirmed with surgery. Typically, in the literature, UM are blind ending, and there are only a few case reports that demonstrate an assumed connection. This case has demonstrated a patent connection between the UM and the urethra, which should be considered a differential diagnosis for persistent urinary incontinence and urinary tract infection in juvenile male dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5326\/jaaha-ms-7344","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T13:01:47Z","timestamp":1683810107000},"page":"145-151","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Uterus Masculinus with a Patent Urethral Communication Documented with Positive Contrast Computed Tomography"],"prefix":"10.5326","volume":"59","author":[{"given":"Jilli","family":"Crosby","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, United Kingdom (J.C., L.R.); Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (A.H.), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; and Veterinary Specialists Scotland, Livingston, United Kingdom (K.L.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Hardas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, United Kingdom (J.C., L.R.); Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (A.H.), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; and Veterinary Specialists Scotland, Livingston, United Kingdom (K.L.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karla","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, United Kingdom (J.C., L.R.); Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (A.H.), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; and Veterinary Specialists Scotland, Livingston, United Kingdom (K.L.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lynda","family":"Rutherford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, The Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, United Kingdom (J.C., L.R.); Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences (A.H.), Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom; and Veterinary Specialists Scotland, Livingston, United Kingdom (K.L.)."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3280","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"i1547-3317-59-3-145-b1","series-title":"Sex Dev","first-page":"109","article-title":"The persistent M\u00fcllerian duct syndrome: an updated based upon a personal experience of 157 cases","volume":"11","year":"2017","unstructured":"Picard\n              J-Y,\n            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4):\n\t\t\t\t\t484\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t96.9."},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"i1547-3317-59-3-145-b5","series-title":"Anim Reprod Sci","first-page":"197","article-title":"Disorders of sex development in the dog \u2013 Adoption of a new nomenclature and reclassification of reported cases","volume":"12","year":"2010","unstructured":"Poth\n              T,\n            \n            \n              Breuer\n              W,\n            \n            \n              Walter\n              B,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tDisorders of sex development in the dog \u2013 Adoption of a new nomenclature and reclassification of reported cases.\n\t\t\t\t\tAnim Reprod Sci2010;\n\t\t\t\t\t12(\n\t\t\t\t\t3\u20134):\n\t\t\t\t\t197\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t207."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1547-3317-59-3-145-b6","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"8","article-title":"Cystic uterus masculinus in the dog","volume":"27","year":"1986","unstructured":"Atilola\n              MAO\n            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Anim2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t45(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t447\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t52."},{"issue":"3","key":"i1547-3317-59-3-145-b8","series-title":"Theriogenology","first-page":"300","article-title":"Canine embryonic and fetal development: a review","volume":"70","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pretzer\n              SD.\n            \n          \n          Canine embryonic and fetal development: a review.\n\t\t\t\t\tTheriogenology2008;\n\t\t\t\t\t70(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t300\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t3."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-3-145-b9","series-title":"Sex Dev","first-page":"46","article-title":"Gonadal and sex differentiation abnormalities of dogs and cats","volume":"6","year":"2012","unstructured":"Meyers-Wallen\n              VN.\n            \n          \n          Gonadal and sex differentiation abnormalities of dogs and cats.\n\t\t\t\t\tSex Dev2012;\n\t\t\t\t\t6:\n\t\t\t\t\t46\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t60."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-3-145-b10","series-title":"BMC Vet 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Radiol Case Rep2017;\n\t\t\t\t\t11(\n\t\t\t\t\t3):\n\t\t\t\t\t7\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t14."},{"issue":"6","key":"i1547-3317-59-3-145-b12","series-title":"Urology","first-page":"1151","article-title":"Comparison between ultrasonography and retrograde urethrography for detection of prostatic utricle associated with hypospadias","volume":"57","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kojima\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Hayashi\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Maruyama\n              T,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tComparison between ultrasonography and retrograde urethrography for detection of prostatic utricle associated with hypospadias.\n\t\t\t\t\tUrology2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t57(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1151\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t5."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-3-145-b13","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary radiology.","first-page":"871","article-title":"Prostate gland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lattimer\n              JC\n       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with persistent M\u00fcllerian duct syndrome caused by mutation in the AMHR2 gene","volume":"161","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dzimira\n              S,\n            \n            \n              Wydooghe\n              E,\n            \n            \n              Van Soom\n              A,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tSertoli cell tumour and uterine leimyoma in miniature schnauzer dogs with persistent M\u00fcllerian duct syndrome caused by mutation in the AMHR2 gene.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Comp Pathol2018;\n\t\t\t\t\t161:\n\t\t\t\t\t20\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t4."},{"issue":"1","key":"i1547-3317-59-3-145-b16","series-title":"Vet Radiol Ultrasound","first-page":"77","article-title":"Ultrasonographic features of uterus masculinus in six dogs","volume":"56","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lim\n              CK,\n            \n            \n              Heng\n              HG,\n            \n            \n              Hui\n              TY,\n            \n          \n          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dogs with urolithiasis","volume":"47","year":"2006","unstructured":"Gatoria\n              IS,\n            \n            \n              Saini\n              NS,\n            \n            \n              Rai\n              TS,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tComparison of three techniques for the diagnosis of urinary tract infections in dogs with urolithiasis.\n\t\t\t\t\tJ Small Anim Prac2006;\n\t\t\t\t\t47(\n\t\t\t\t\t12):\n\t\t\t\t\t727\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t32."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-3-145-b19","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary internal medicine.","first-page":"4809","article-title":"Lower urinary tract infections","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wood\n              MW.\n            \n          \n          Lower urinary tract infections.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:EttingerSJ,FeldmanEC,C\u00f4teE,eds.Textbook of veterinary internal medicine.8th ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tSt. 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of prostatic utricle associated with hypospadias","volume":"57","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kojima\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Hayashi\n              Y,\n            \n            \n              Maruyama\n              T,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tComparison between ultrasonography and retrograde urethrography for detection of prostatic utricle associated with hypospadias.\n\t\t\t\t\tUrology2001;\n\t\t\t\t\t57(\n\t\t\t\t\t6):\n\t\t\t\t\t1151\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t5."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-3-145-b13","series-title":"Textbook of veterinary radiology.","first-page":"871","article-title":"Prostate gland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lattimer\n              JC\n            \n            \n              Essman\n              SC.\n            \n          \n          Prostate gland.\n\t\t\t\t\tIn:ThrallD,ed.Textbook of veterinary radiology.7th ed.\n\t\t\t\t\tSt. Louis:\n\t\t\t\t\tElsevier;\n\t\t\t\t\t2018:\n\t\t\t\t\t871\u2013\n\t\t\t\t\t9."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-3-145-b14","series-title":"Front Vet Sci","first-page":"337","article-title":"A case of adenocarcinoma of uterus masculinus in a pomeranian dog","volume":"7","year":"2020","unstructured":"Vignoli\n              M,\n            \n            \n              De Amicis\n              I,\n            \n            \n              Tamburro\n              R,\n            \n          \n          .\n\t\t\t\t\tA case of adenocarcinoma of uterus masculinus in a pomeranian dog.\n\t\t\t\t\tFront Vet Sci2020;\n\t\t\t\t\t7:\n\t\t\t\t\t337."},{"key":"i1547-3317-59-3-145-b15","series-title":"J Comp Pathol","first-page":"20","article-title":"Sertoli cell tumour and uterine leimyoma in miniature schnauzer dogs with persistent M\u00fcllerian duct syndrome caused by mutation in the AMHR2 gene","volume":"161","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dzimira\n              S,\n            \n            \n            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