{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T16:08:37Z","timestamp":1783526917075,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ubiquity Press, Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732665600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["89"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Importance: The lack of information on exposure of opencast mineworkers to solar ultraviolet radiation, a group I carcinogen, was addressed. The feasibility of using electronic dosimeters in the determination of exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation was investigated.\nObjective: The objective of the study was to determine the feasibility of measuring the occupational exposure of opencast mineworkers to solar ultraviolet radiation using electronic dosimeters.\nDesign: The study followed a cross-sectional design.\nSetting: Measurements were carried out at two opencast diamond mining operations hereafter referred to as site A and B, located in the Karas region of Namibia.\nParticipants: Workers from all four outdoor occupations (bedrock, engineering, metallurgy and security) were recruited to participate in the study.\nMeasurements: The study was conducted over four days at each site during winter (site A: 28 June to 4 July 2018 and site B: 6\u201311 July 2018) in the Karas region of Namibia with 28 consenting workers taking part. The AlGaN photodiode-based electronic dosimeters were worn above clothing on the dorsal wrists (one) and two placed on the horizontal, unshaded area from 08:00 to 16:00 for the measurement of personal and ambient solar ultraviolet radiation, respectively. Historical meteorological data for the measurement period were obtained from Solcast and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) NASA.\nResults: Overall, clear skies and surface reflectivity of 0.19 were observed for both study sites. The mean ultraviolet indices were 2.43 (0.06\u20134.51) and 2.24 (0.09\u20134.88) for site A and B, respectively. Findings of valid measurements from nine participants showed the mean total daily personal solar ultraviolet radiation exposure of 1.9 \u00b1 1.0 (1.01\u20131.57) standard erythemal dose (SED) for site A and 3.4 \u00b1 2.6 (3.39\u20137.28) SED for site B.\nConclusions and Relevance: Personal solar ultraviolet radiation exposure above the occupational exposure limit (OEL) demonstrated the need to include the winter season in planning for protective measures for skin and eyes, since workers are at risk of excessive exposure to solar ultraviolet radiation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.4490","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]],"date-time":"2024-11-27T13:03:13Z","timestamp":1732712593000},"page":"73","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Solar Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure Among Opencast Miners in Namibia with the Use of Electronic Dosimeters: A Feasibility Study"],"prefix":"10.5334","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7510-7820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Motsehoa Cynthia","family":"Ramotsehoa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3399-8458","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frederik Christoffel","family":"Eloff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5122-8492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes Lodewykus","family":"Du Plessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9608-818X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caradee Yael","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1546-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David Jean","family":"Du Preez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20241127130206_r1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772290","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.772290","article-title":"Criteria for occupational health prevention for solar UVR exposed outdoor workers\u2011prevalence, affected parties, and occupational disease","volume":"9","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"key20241127130206_r2","unstructured":"IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 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Cataract Blindness and Simulation\u2011Based Training for Cataract Surgeons: An Assessment of the HelpMeSee Approach. RAND Corporation; 2012. Accessed July 7, 2022. Available from: http:\/\/www.jstor.com\/stable\/10.7249\/j.ctt5hhvbk."},{"key":"key20241127130206_r9","unstructured":"Chamber of Mines of Namibia. The Impact of the Mining Sector on the Namibia Economy: Assessing Socio\u2011Economic and Environmental Effects. 2021. Accessed March 9, 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.npc.gov.na\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/The-Impact-of-Mining-sector-to-the-Namibia-economy-FINAL.pdf."},{"key":"key20241127130206_r10","unstructured":"Solcast. Global solar irradiance data and PV system power output data; 2024. Accessed July 16, 2024. Available from: https:\/\/toolkit.solcast.com.au\/historical."},{"key":"key20241127130206_r11","volume-title":"OMI\/Aura TOMS\u2011like ozone and radiative cloud fraction L3 1 Day 0.25 Degree x 0.25 Degree V3","year":"2012"},{"key":"key20241127130206_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.2007.00200.x","article-title":"Analytic formula for the clear\u2011sky UV index","volume":"83","year":"2007","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"key20241127130206_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1039\/b418942f","article-title":"Enhanced UV exposure on a ski\u2011field compared with exposures at sea level","volume":"4","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20241127130206_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11070744","article-title":"Use of electronic UV dosimeters in measuring personal UV exposures and public health education","volume":"11","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos"},{"key":"key20241127130206_r15","unstructured":"International Organization for Standardization\/International Electrotechnical Commission. 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