{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:41:33Z","timestamp":1785930093760,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Ubiquity Press, Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741910400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["89"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Following the introduction of the Global Health Security Index (GHSI), the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID\u201119) pandemic emerged as an unprecedented global health crisis, underscoring the need for robust health security frameworks and preparedness measures. This study conducts a scoping review to analyze the existing literature on the GHSI and assess national COVID\u201119 responses across different countries.\nMethod: A comprehensive search of electronic databases (EBSCO, EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) was conducted for articles published from 2020 to 2024. Search terms included \u201cGlobal Health Security Index\u201d and terms related to COVID\u201119. The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2011analyses for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA\u2011ScR) guidelines. The Newcastle\u2013Ottawa Scale (NOS), adjusted for cross\u2011sectional studies, was used for quality assessment.\nResults: A total of 3,243 studies were identified, of which 20 were finalized for data synthesis. Specific COVID\u201119 parameters were analyzed to provide a comprehensive overview of each country\u2019s pandemic response capacity. Among the selected studies, 17 (85%) had a low risk of bias, while 3 (15%) had a medium risk. Countries\u2019 response capacities were categorized into five key parameters: detection, mortality, transmission, fatality, and recovery. Findings revealed significant discrepancies between GHSI scores and actual national responses, with some high\u2011scoring countries struggling to control the pandemic. This raises concerns about the GHSI\u2019s predictive reliability.\nConclusion: The study highlights that the GHSI does not fully capture a country\u2019s capacity to respond effectively to COVID\u201119. However, it remains a valuable tool for identifying gaps in pandemic preparedness. To enhance its relevance, the index should integrate a wider range of factors, including political leadership, governance, public health infrastructure, and socio\u2011cultural elements, which are crucial in managing public health emergencies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.4625","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T06:43:42Z","timestamp":1741934622000},"page":"15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The Global Health Security Index and Its Role in Shaping National COVID\u201119 Response Capacities: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.5334","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8626-9750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danik Iga","family":"Prasiska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0840-3512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kennedy Mensah","family":"Osei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1522-1996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Durga Datta","family":"Chapagain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2519-2814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasuki","family":"Rajaguru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1053-8958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1633-2558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun Joo","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4847-2421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sang Gyu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0558-1505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Suk-Yong","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7183-0421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Whiejong","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20250314064339_r1","unstructured":"GHS. What is the GHS Index? 2021 [cited July 10, 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/ghsindex.org\/about\/#What-is-the-GHS-Index."},{"key":"key20250314064339_r2","unstructured":"WHO. Listings of WHO\u2019s response to COVID\u201119. 2020 [cited July 10, 2024]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/29-06-2020-covidtimeline."},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250314064339_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.24171\/j.phrp.2021.12.2.02","article-title":"COVID\u201119 transmission: A rapid systematic review of current knowledge","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osong Public Health Res Perspect"},{"issue":"17","key":"key20250314064339_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1723","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.19719","article-title":"Long\u2011term health consequences of COVID\u201119","volume":"324","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250314064339_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20043099","article-title":"Consequences of COVID\u201119 and its variants: Understanding the physical, oral, and psychological impact","volume":"20","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20250314064339_r6","first-page":"1073","article-title":"The impact of COVID\u201119 on health and health systems","volume":"31","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20250314064339_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e234355","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.4355","article-title":"Health system change in the wake of COVID\u201119","volume":"4","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20250314064339_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12081295","article-title":"Global challenges to public health care systems during the COVID\u201119 pandemic: A review of pandemic measures and problems","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"key":"key20250314064339_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942703","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.942703","article-title":"Digital health in the era of COVID\u201119: Reshaping the next generation of healthcare","volume":"11","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"key20250314064339_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.04.018","article-title":"The socio\u2011economic implications of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID\u201119): A review","volume":"78","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Surg"},{"key":"key20250314064339_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149571","article-title":"The impact of the COVID\u201119 lockdown on the human experience of nature","volume":"803","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"19","key":"key20250314064339_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e182","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2020.35.e182","article-title":"Social distancing against COVID\u201119: Implication for the control of influenza","volume":"35","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Korean Med Sci"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20250314064339_r13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0239398","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239398","article-title":"The Global Health Security Index is not predictive of coronavirus pandemic responses among organization for economic cooperation and development countries","volume":"15","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key20250314064339_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2020.109814","article-title":"Understanding COVID\u201119 diffusion requires an interdisciplinary, multi\u2011dimensional approach","volume":"188","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"key20250314064339_r15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.03.089","article-title":"Are we ready to deal with a global COVID\u201119 pandemic? Rethinking countries\u2019 capacity based on the Global Health Security Index","volume":"106","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"19","key":"key20250314064339_r16","first-page":"14574","article-title":"Research on the compilation of a composite index from the perspective of public value\u2014the case of the Global Health Security Index","volume":"15","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sustainability (Switzerland)"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250314064339_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000119616","article-title":"Scoping studies: Towards a methodological framework","volume":"8","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20250314064339_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA\u2011ScR): Checklist and explanation","volume":"169","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"key20250314064339_r19","volume-title":"Microsoft Excel","year":"2021"},{"key":"key20250314064339_r20","unstructured":"Wells GA, O\u2019Connell D, Peterson J, Welch V, Losos M, Tugwell P. The Newcastle\u2011Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta\u2011Analyses. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp."},{"key":"key20250314064339_r21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e210","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820002046","article-title":"The Global Health Security Index and joint external evaluation score for health preparedness are not correlated with countries\u2019 COVID\u201119 detection response time and mortality outcome","volume":"148","year":"2020","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250314064339_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0247274","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247274","article-title":"Assessing sub\u2011regional\u2011specific strengths of healthcare systems associated with COVID\u201119 prevalence, deaths and recoveries in Africa","volume":"16","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key20250314064339_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.09.034","article-title":"The Global Health Security Index is not predictive of vaccine rollout responses among OECD countries","volume":"113","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250314064339_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.3384","article-title":"Demography, inequalities and Global Health Security Index as correlates of COVID\u201119 morbidity and mortality","volume":"37","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manage"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250314064339_r25","first-page":"1571","article-title":"Impact of pre\u2011COVID\u201119 epidemic preparedness on the trajectory of the pandemic in African countries","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"Afr J Lab Med"},{"key":"key20250314064339_r26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.30699\/fhi.v11i1.384","article-title":"Critical appraisal of the coronavirus preparedness among countries using the Global Health Security Index","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Health Inform"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250314064339_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czab122","article-title":"Strengthening national capacities for pandemic preparedness: A cross\u2011country analysis of COVID\u201119 cases and deaths","volume":"37","year":"2022","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250314064339_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiph.2022.12.011","article-title":"Global Health Security Index not a proven surrogate for health systems capacity to respond to pandemics: The case of COVID\u201119","volume":"16","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Infect Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20250314064339_r29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4645","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-812320212610.11852021","article-title":"The institutional capacity of the health sector and the response to COVID\u201119 in a global perspective","volume":"26","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cien Saude Colet"},{"issue":"5\u20116","key":"key20250314064339_r30","first-page":"498","article-title":"The impact of civil liberties, global health security, median age and population size on the spread of COVID\u201119 (SARS\u2011CoV\u20112)","volume":"42","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Sociol Soc Policy"},{"issue":"21","key":"key20250314064339_r31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14436","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph192114436","article-title":"Health security, quality of life and democracy during the COVID\u201119 pandemic: Comparative approach in the EU\u201127 countries","volume":"19","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"key20250314064339_r32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-023-00949-2","article-title":"The role of universal health coverage and global health security nexus and interplay on SARS\u2011CoV\u20112 infection and case\u2011fatality rates in Africa: A structural equation modeling approach","volume":"19","year":"2023","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"key":"key20250314064339_r33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.onehlt.2021.100235","article-title":"How the global health security index and environment factor influence the spread of COVID\u201119: A country level analysis","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"One Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250314064339_r34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12963-024-00333-1","article-title":"Pandemic preparedness improves national\u2011level SARS\u2011CoV\u20112 infection and mortality data completeness: A cross\u2011country ecologic analysis","volume":"22","year":"2024","journal-title":"Popul Health Metr"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250314064339_r35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22578-2","article-title":"Analyzing the GHSI puzzle of whether highly developed countries fared worse in COVID\u201119","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250314064339_r36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1007\/s44197-022-00064-2","article-title":"Impact of vaccination and control measures on the fatality of COVID\u201119: An ecological study","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"key20250314064339_r37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846260","DOI":"10.3389\/fepid.2022.846260","article-title":"The global health security index: Another look","volume":"2","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20250314064339_r38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e012203","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-012203","article-title":"Evaluation of the global health security index as a predictor of COVID\u201119 excess mortality standardised for under\u2011reporting and age structure","volume":"8","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250314064339_r39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s12992-023-00973-2","article-title":"Does it matter that standard preparedness indices did not predict COVID\u201119 outcomes?","volume":"19","year":"2023","journal-title":"Global Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250314064339_r40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00639-z","article-title":"Infectious disease in an era of global change","volume":"20","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"key20250314064339_r41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6242","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0508391103","article-title":"Global traffic and disease vector dispersal","volume":"103","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key20250314064339_r42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2023.103051","article-title":"Global inequities in access to COVID\u201119 health products and technologies: A political economy analysis","volume":"83","year":"2023","journal-title":"Health & Place"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250314064339_r43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-022-01289-8","article-title":"Equitable access to COVID\u201119 vaccines makes a life\u2011saving difference to all countries","volume":"6","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Hum Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20250314064339_r44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003648","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2020-003648","article-title":"The value proposition of the global health security index","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250314064339_r45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.12307","article-title":"H7N9 influenza and beyond: International political frameworks","volume":"68","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250314064339_r46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1177\/13691481231159021","article-title":"Britain\u2019s COVID\u201119 battle: The role of political leaders in shaping the responses to the pandemic","volume":"25","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br J Polit Int Relat"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250314064339_r47","first-page":"1901365","article-title":"US political leadership and crisis communication during COVID\u201119","volume":"7","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cogent Soc Sci"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250314064339_r48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthpol.2021.02.011","article-title":"Systematic assessment of South Korea\u2019s capabilities to control COVID\u201119","volume":"125","year":"2021","journal-title":"Health Policy"},{"issue":"11","key":"key20250314064339_r49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e612","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30225-5","article-title":"COVID\u201119 in New Zealand and the impact of the national response: A descriptive epidemiological study","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"10359","key":"key20250314064339_r50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)01585-9","article-title":"The Lancet Commission on lessons for the future from the COVID\u201119 pandemic","volume":"400","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"}],"container-title":["Annals of Global Health"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/account.annalsofglobalhealth.org\/index.php\/up-j-agh\/article\/download\/4625\/4205","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/account.annalsofglobalhealth.org\/index.php\/up-j-agh\/article\/download\/4625\/4199","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/account.annalsofglobalhealth.org\/index.php\/up-j-agh\/article\/download\/4625\/4205","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]],"date-time":"2025-03-14T12:53:11Z","timestamp":1741956791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/account.annalsofglobalhealth.org\/index.php\/up-j-agh\/article\/view\/4625"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,20]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/aogh.4625","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-9996"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-9996","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,14]]}}}