{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T13:01:55Z","timestamp":1785762115504,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ubiquity Press, Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755561600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["89"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Thailand, a developing country in Southeast Asia, faces significant challenges due to urbanization, population aging, and climate change. This case study focuses on an adaptation strategy implemented in Bangkok to address the impacts of flooding. The study aims to examine the short\u2011, medium\u2011, and long\u2011term effects of flooding exposure on cognitive health among middle\u2011aged and older adults in Thailand and to identify the role of resilient city policy (RCP) in mitigating these impacts.\nMethods: Data on cognitive health (memory, calculation, and orientation to time) were obtained from the three waves (2017, 2020, and 2022) of the Health, Aging, and Retirement (HART) surveys. Flooding data were retrieved from Thai flood hazard records in the EM\u2011DAT database from 2017 to 2022. Panel data analyses with a fixed effects model were used to estimate the effects of flooding on cognitive health and the moderating effects of RCP.\nResults: Findings indicate that exposure to flooding negatively impacts memory and orientation to time, with these effects worsening over time. RCP was found to mitigate the negative effects of flooding on memory scores and calculation scores. Additionally, RCP was associated with reduced risks for diabetes and depressive symptoms, indirectly protecting cognitive health.\nDiscussion: Flooding has long\u2011lasting negative effects on certain cognitive health domains, specifically memory and orientation to time. This study suggests that RCP, a multi\u2011component policy aimed at improving structural systems, community preparedness, and healthcare access, shows promise in mitigating the adverse effects of flooding on residents\u2019 cognitive health. Further research is needed to link specific policy components to cognitive health outcomes and to understand their roles in protecting cognitive health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.4740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]],"date-time":"2025-08-19T08:50:51Z","timestamp":1755593451000},"page":"49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Flooding and Cognitive Health among Middle\u2011Aged and Older Adults in Thailand: A Case Study of Resilient City Policy in Bangkok"],"prefix":"10.5334","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Fei","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phatchanun","family":"Vivarkanon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myo Nyein","family":"Aung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leiwen","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"key20250819085045_r1","first-page":"283","article-title":"Integrated assessment of changes in flooding probabilities due to climate change","volume":"81","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clim Change"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250819085045_r2","first-page":"95","article-title":"Climate change, flooding in South Asia and implications","volume":"11","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reg Environ Change"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250819085045_r3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0119929","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0119929","article-title":"Flooding and mental health: A systematic mapping review","volume":"10","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250819085045_r4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.21926\/obm.geriatr.2304254","article-title":"The impact of climate change on older adults\u2019 mental health: A primer for clinicians","volume":"7","year":"2023","journal-title":"OBM Geriatr"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250819085045_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s40645-023-00569-9","article-title":"A macroscopic analysis of the demographic impacts of flood inundation in Thailand (2005\u20132019)","volume":"10","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prog Earth Planet Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250819085045_r6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/0975425317748532","article-title":"Urban flooding and climate change: A case study of Bangkok, Thailand","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Urban ASIA"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20250819085045_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1177\/0018720819839817","article-title":"The impact of environmental stress on cognitive performance: A systematic review","volume":"61","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250819085045_r8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1177\/028072700502300102","article-title":"Flood and psychological well\u2011being: Direct, mediating, and moderating effects","volume":"23","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Mass Emergencies Disasters"},{"key":"key20250819085045_r9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hikichi H, Aida J, Kondo K, et al. 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