{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T07:12:29Z","timestamp":1783926749756,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ubiquity Press, Ltd.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]},"DOI":"10.5334\/aogh.5322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T07:01:19Z","timestamp":1783926079000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Implementing a WASH Package Within Prevention of Vertical Transmission of HIV Programming in Lilongwe, Malawi: A Program Evaluation"],"prefix":"10.5334","volume":"92","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7824-9605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hillary M.","family":"Topazian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Skyler","family":"Noble","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Innocent","family":"Mofolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gertrude","family":"Mwale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Twambilie","family":"Phanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irving F.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Herce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3285","reference":[{"key":"key20260713070113_r1","volume-title":"The Human Right to Water and Sanitation: Resolution A\/RES\/64\/292","author":"United Nations General Assembly","year":"2010"},{"key":"key20260713070113_r2","volume-title":"Progress on Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2000\u20132022: Special Focus on Gender","author":"United Nations Children\u2019s Fund and World Health Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"key20260713070113_r3","unstructured":"United Nations. Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all. Accessed February 17, 2025. https:\/\/www.un.org\/sustainabledevelopment\/water-and-sanitation\/."},{"key":"key20260713070113_r4","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa. Water. Published 2025. Accessed February 17, 2025. https:\/\/www.afro.who.int\/health-topics\/water."},{"issue":"9","key":"key20260713070113_r5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1162","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30278-3","article-title":"Mapping geographical inequalities in access to drinking water and sanitation facilities in low\u2011income and middle\u2011income countries, 2000\u201317","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key20260713070113_r6","unstructured":"Diarrhoeal disease. Accessed February 18, 2025. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/diarrhoeal-disease."},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260713070113_r7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.06.001","article-title":"Diarrhea in children less than two years of age with known HIV status in Kisumu, Kenya","volume":"14","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20260713070113_r8","first-page":"00469580231202988","article-title":"Diarrhea as a disease of poverty among under\u2011five children in sub\u2011Saharan Africa: A cross\u2011sectional study","volume":"60","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inq J Med Care Organ Provis Financ"},{"key":"key20260713070113_r9","unstructured":"National Statistical Office, Utica International, and ICF. Malawi Demographic and Health Survey 2024: Final Report. 2024. https:\/\/www.dhsprogram.com\/pubs\/pdf\/FR398\/FR398.pdf."},{"issue":"6","key":"key20260713070113_r10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0155981","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0155981","article-title":"An Analysis of Water Collection Labor among Women and Children in 24 Sub\u2011Saharan African Countries","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"issue":"10345","key":"key20260713070113_r11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00937-0","article-title":"Effectiveness of interventions to improve drinking water, sanitation, and handwashing with soap on risk of diarrhoeal disease in children in low\u2011income and middle\u2011income settings: A systematic review and meta\u2011analysis","volume":"400","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260713070113_r12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1004215","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1004215","article-title":"Impact on childhood mortality of interventions to improve drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) to households: Systematic review and meta\u2011analysis","volume":"20","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLOS Med"},{"key":"key20260713070113_r13","first-page":"S318","article-title":"The impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions on the health and well\u2011being of people living with HIV: A systematic review","volume":"68","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260713070113_r14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.18.217471","article-title":"Implementing prevention policies for mother\u2011to\u2011child transmission of HIV in rural Malawi, South Africa and United Republic of Tanzania, 2013\u20132016","volume":"97","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"key20260713070113_r15","article-title":"Malawi Population\u2011Based HIV Impact Assessment 2020\u20112021 (MPHIA 2020\u20112021): Final Report","volume-title":"Ministry of Health","author":"Ministry of Health, Malawi","year":"2022"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260713070113_r16","first-page":"150","article-title":"Conditional cash transfers improve retention in PMTCT services by mitigating the negative effect of not having money to come to the clinic","volume":"74","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20260713070113_r17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02595.x","article-title":"Use of nutritional and water hygiene packages for diarrhoeal prevention among HIV\u2011exposed infants in Lilongwe, Malawi: An evaluation of a pilot prevention of mother\u2011to\u2011child transmission post\u2011natal care service","volume":"15","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"key20260713070113_r18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1065-y","article-title":"Supporting Option B+ scale up and strengthening the prevention of mother\u2011to\u2011child transmission cascade in central Malawi: Results from a serial cross\u2011sectional study","volume":"15","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"key20260713070113_r19","volume-title":"WHO International Scheme to Evaluate Household Water Treatment Technologies: P&G Purifier of Water Product Evaluation Report","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260713070113_r20","first-page":"776","article-title":"Water, sanitation and hygiene interventions for acute childhood diarrhea: A systematic review to provide estimates for the lives saved tool","volume":"17","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"key20260713070113_r21","unstructured":"MacroTrends. Lilongwe, Malawi metro area population | Historical Data | Chart | 1950\u20132025. Accessed December 4, 2025. https:\/\/www.macrotrends.net\/datasets\/global-metrics\/cities\/21799\/lilongwe\/population."},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260713070113_r22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e316","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30005-6","article-title":"Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Kenya: A cluster\u2011randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260713070113_r23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e132","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30374-7","article-title":"Independent and combined effects of improved water, sanitation, and hygiene, and improved complementary feeding, on child stunting and anaemia in rural Zimbabwe: A cluster\u2011randomised trial","volume":"7","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260713070113_r24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1410-x","article-title":"The implications of three major new trials for the effect of water, sanitation and hygiene on childhood diarrhea and stunting: A consensus statement","volume":"17","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260713070113_r25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e302","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30490-4","article-title":"Effects of water quality, sanitation, handwashing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Bangladesh: A cluster randomised controlled trial","volume":"6","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"key20260713070113_r26","first-page":"589817","article-title":"Loss to Followup: A major challenge to successful implementation of prevention of mother\u2011to\u2011child transmission of hiv\u20111 programs in sub\u2011Saharan Africa","volume":"2012","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN AIDS"},{"issue":"11","key":"key20260713070113_r27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.12369","article-title":"Understanding factors, outcomes and reasons for loss to follow\u2011up among women in Option B+ PMTCT programme in Lilongwe, Malawi","volume":"19","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"key20260713070113_r28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1003780","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003780","article-title":"Community\u2011facility linkage models and maternal and infant health outcomes in Malawi\u2019s PMTCT\/ART program: A cohort study","volume":"18","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Med"}],"container-title":["Annals of Global Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]],"date-time":"2026-07-13T07:01:24Z","timestamp":1783926084000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/annalsofglobalhealth.org\/articles\/10.5334\/aogh.5322\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5334\/aogh.5322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/aogh.5322","relation":{},"ISSN":["2214-9996"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2214-9996","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"64"}}