{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,3]],"date-time":"2026-02-03T21:15:49Z","timestamp":1770153349086,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Ubiquity Press, Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758153600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CPSY"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) is a transdiagnostic factor in psychological disorders, yet its underlying psychological mechanisms remain unclear. To close this gap, we first identify three potential mechanisms from existing definitions of IU: (1) negativity overweighting, (2) probability distortion, and (3) information deficit aversion. Second, we demonstrate how these mechanisms map onto well-established preference patterns in decision making under uncertainty as captured by Cumulative Prospect Theory: (1) loss aversion, (2) nonlinear probability weighting, and (3) the description\u2013experience (DE) gap. Third, we conduct an affective decision-making experiment to investigate the relationship between self-reported IU and these preference patterns, as measured with individually estimated parameters of cumulative prospect theory. In the study, 100 participants made 120 choices between hypothetical painkillers with different probabilistic side effects. Half of the choices were made in a description condition, where all information was provided upfront; the other half in an experience condition, where participants acquired information through sampling. Trait IU was measured with a questionnaire. Participants overweighed side effects relative to treatment benefits (loss aversion), overestimated the probability of unlikely negative outcomes (increased nonlinear probability weighting), and their probability weighting patterns differed between the experimental conditions (DE gap). However, their preference patterns did not correlate with IU scores. Possible explanations are that the task did not effectively establish an affective context with real consequences for behavior, or that disorder-specific processes were not captured in our community sample. These findings highlight the need for a precise definition of IU and suggest avenues for designing tasks that enable a better understanding of IU.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5334\/cpsy.140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T09:09:43Z","timestamp":1758186583000},"page":"210-230","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Decomposing Intolerance of Uncertainty: No Association With Affective Decision Making in a Community Sample"],"prefix":"10.5334","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7153-1840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannik","family":"Paul","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5346-4234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anya","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5343-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Fu\u0142awka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20250918090938_B1","article-title":"The relationship between uncertainty and affect","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20250918090938_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-024-10511-y","article-title":"Threat-related interpretation biases and intolerance of uncertainty in individuals exposed to trauma","volume":"48","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20250918090938_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3289","article-title":"Knowing how much you don\u2019t know: A neural organization of uncertainty estimates","volume":"13","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250918090938_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt.10.2","article-title":"Pain charts (body maps or manikins) in assessment of the location of pediatric pain","volume":"1","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain Management"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250918090938_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1197\/aemj.10.4.390","article-title":"Validation of a verbally administered numerical rating scale of acute pain for use in the emergency department","volume":"10","year":"2003","journal-title":"Academic Emergency Medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20250918090938_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.07.009","article-title":"Toward a definition of intolerance of uncertainty: A review of factor analytical studies of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale","volume":"31","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B7","article-title":"Different varieties of uncertainty in human decision-making","volume":"6","year":"2012","journal-title":"Frontiers in Neuroscience"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B8","article-title":"Revising the Intolerance of Uncertainty Model of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Evidence from UK and Italian undergraduate samples","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250918090938_B9","article-title":"Seeking certainty about intolerance of uncertainty: Addressing old and new issues through the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Revised","volume":"14","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bradley, R., & Drechsler, M. (2013). Types of uncertainty. Erkenntnis, 79, 1225\u20131248. https:\/\/www.doi.org\/10.1007\/s10670-013-9518-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s10670-013-9518-4"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250918090938_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2007.09.006","article-title":"Intolerance of Uncertainty and perceived threat","volume":"46","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B12","article-title":"Interrelationships between negative mood and clinical constructs: A motivational systems approach","volume":"5","year":"2014","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20250918090938_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(01)00092-4","article-title":"The intolerance of uncertainty scale: Psychometric properties of the English version","volume":"40","year":"2002","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20250918090938_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1586\/ern.12.82","article-title":"The intolerance of uncertainty construct in the context of anxiety disorders: theoretical and practical perspectives","volume":"12","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Reviews of Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.03.011","article-title":"Fear of the unknown: One fear to rule them all?","volume":"41","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.02.007","article-title":"Into the unknown: A review and synthesis of contemporary models involving uncertainty","volume":"39","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2015.12.004","article-title":"Self-reported intolerance of uncertainty and behavioural decisions","volume":"51","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250918090938_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2012.01.011","volume":"26","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"12","key":"key20250918090938_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.12.010","article-title":"Enhanced risk aversion, but not loss aversion, in unmedicated pathological anxiety","volume":"81","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20250918090938_B20","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty does not significantly predict decisions about delayed, probabilistic rewards: A failure to replicate Luhmann, C. C., Ishida, K., & Hajcak, G. (2011)","volume":"19","year":"2024","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250918090938_B21","article-title":"Why are self-report and behavioral measures weakly correlated?","volume":"24","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250918090938_B22","article-title":"Experimental manipulation of beliefs about uncertainty: Effects on interpretive processing and access to threat schemata","volume":"1","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250918090938_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1097\/CORR.0000000000001042","article-title":"Does intolerance of uncertainty affect the magnitude of limitations or pain intensity?","volume":"478","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250918090938_B24","article-title":"Data quality in online human-subjects research: Comparisons between MTurk, Prolific, CloudResearch, Qualitrics, and Sona","volume":"18","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B25","first-page":"143","volume-title":"Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice","year":"2004"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250918090938_B26","first-page":"551","article-title":"The role of intolerance of uncertainty in etiology and maintenance","volume":"25","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250918090938_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-005-1648-9","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty and information processing: Evidence of biased recall and interpretations","volume":"29","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cognitive Therapy and Research"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B28","year":"2013"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250918090938_B29","first-page":"280","article-title":"Extension of the Transdiagnostic Model to focus on intolerance of uncertainty: A review of the literature and implications for treatment","volume":"21","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B30","article-title":"Revisiting uncertainty as a felt sense of unsafety: The somatic error theory of intolerance of uncertainty","volume":"79","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20250918090938_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)90048-5","article-title":"Why do people worry?","volume":"17","year":"1994","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B32","article-title":"An affective probability weighting function for risky choice with nonmonetary outcomes","volume":"44","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20250918090938_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2011.05.001","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the relation of intolerance of uncertainty to symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder","volume":"31","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250918090938_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1026\/1616-3443.37.3.190","article-title":"Die Bedeutung von Unsicherheitsintoleranz f\u00fcr die Generalisierte Angstst\u00f6rung Modell\u00fcberlegungen und Entwicklung einer deutschen Version der Unsicherheitsintoleranz-Skala","volume":"37","year":"2008","journal-title":"Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250918090938_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1037\/a0040103","article-title":"The reversed description-experience gap: Disentangling sources of presentation format effects in risky choice","volume":"145","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20250918090938_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.02.005","article-title":"Evaluation of intolerance of uncertainty: Development and validation of a new self-report measure","volume":"22","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94","article-title":"Multidimensional assessment of emotion Regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale","volume":"26","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250918090938_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.02.014","article-title":"Intolerance of Uncertainty and Intolerance of Ambiguity: Similarities and differences","volume":"39","year":"2005","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250918090938_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1026\/1616-3443\/a000506","article-title":"\u00dcberpr\u00fcfung der G\u00fctekriterien der deutschen Version der Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale in einer klinischen und einer Sch\u00fclerstichprobe Jugendlicher","volume":"47","year":"2018","journal-title":"Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250918090938_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.598","article-title":"The description\u2013experience gap in risky choice: The role of sample size and experienced probabilities","volume":"21","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20250918090938_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0956-7976.2004.00715.x","article-title":"Decisions from experience and the effect of rare events in risky choice","volume":"15","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"12","key":"key20250918090938_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.09.004","article-title":"The description-experience gap in risky choice","volume":"13","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250918090938_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2005.01.002","article-title":"A comparison of intolerance of uncertainty in analogue obsessive-compulsive disorder and generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"20","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250918090938_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1080\/14640748808402300","article-title":"Probabilistic judgements in deluded and non-deluded subjects","volume":"40","year":"1988","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20250918090938_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2014.05.005","article-title":"How is the Beads Task related to intolerance of uncertainty in anxiety disorders?","volume":"28","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.02.003","article-title":"Enhancing the ecological validity of the Beads Task as a behavioral measure of intolerance of uncertainty","volume":"41","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250918090938_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2307\/1914185","article-title":"Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk","volume":"47","year":"1979","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2016.08.020","article-title":"How (in)variant are subjective representations of described and experienced risk and rewards?","volume":"157","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B49","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Utility Theories: Measurements and Applications. Studies in Risk and Uncertainty","year":"1992"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250918090938_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1177\/01454455970213006","article-title":"Behavioral expressions of intolerance of uncertainty in worry. Experimental findings","volume":"21","year":"1997","journal-title":"Behavior Modification"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250918090938_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.1877","article-title":"Decisions from experience: From monetary to medical gambles","volume":"29","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250918090938_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2010.09.002","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty and decisions about delayed, probabilistic rewards","volume":"42","year":"2011","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20250918090938_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1037\/pag0000124","article-title":"Risk taking across the life span: A comparison of self-reported and behavioral measures of risk-taking","volume":"31","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychology and Aging"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.02.002","article-title":"The search for universal transdiagnostic and trans-therapy change processes: Evidence for intolerance of uncertainty","volume":"41","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250918090938_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2011.02.007","article-title":"To be sure, to be sure: Intolerance of uncertainty mediates symptoms of various anxiety disorders and depression","volume":"43","year":"2012","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250918090938_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2013.01.006","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty and negative metacognitive beliefs as transdiagnostic mediators of repetitive negative thinking in a clinical sample with anxiety disorders","volume":"27","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B57","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review of the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and threat appraisal in anxiety","volume":"12","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250918090938_B58","article-title":"Avoid jumping to conclusions under uncertainty in obsessive compulsive disorder","volume":"15","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"key20250918090938_B59","first-page":"187","article-title":"Nothing is safe: Intolerance of uncertainty is associated with compromised fear extinction learning","volume":"121","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250918090938_B60","article-title":"Out with the old and in with the new: The role of intolerance of uncertainty in reversal of threat and safety","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B61","article-title":"Uncertainty makes me emotional: Uncertainty as an elicitor and modulator of emotional states","volume":"13","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20250918090938_B62","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty: A temporary Experimental induction procedure","volume":"11","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20250918090938_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2014.02.013","article-title":"Risk, uncertainty, and heuristics","volume":"67","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Business Research"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B64","article-title":"Assessment of intolerance of uncertainty: Validation of a modified anagram task","volume":"73","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B65","article-title":"Evaluating the psychometric properties of the intolerance of uncertainty scale for children in a preadolescent sample","volume":"77","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250918090938_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erap.2019.01.001","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty and difficulties in emotion regulation: Proposal for an integrative model of generalized anxiety disorder","volume":"69","year":"2019","journal-title":"European Review of Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250918090938_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1037\/dec0000006","article-title":"The affect gap in risky choice: Affect-rich outcomes attenuate attention to probability information","volume":"1","year":"2014","journal-title":"Decision"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-018-01193-y","article-title":"PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy","volume":"51","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2018.04.002","article-title":"Disentangling intolerance of uncertainty and threat appraisal in everyday situations","volume":"57","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20250918090938_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.2307\/2998573","article-title":"The probability weighting function","volume":"66","year":"1998","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B71","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2022"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbtep.2014.12.002","article-title":"Uncertainty as an anxiety cue at high and low levels of threat","volume":"47","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250918090938_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00284.x","article-title":"Understanding uncertainty","volume":"14","year":"1994","journal-title":"Risk Analysis"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B74","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty and emotion regulation: A meta-analytic and systematic review","volume":"101","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology Review"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B75","article-title":"Transdiagnostic computations of uncertainty: Towards a new lens on intolerance of uncertainty","volume":"148","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250918090938_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1017\/S1930297500001510","article-title":"Prospect theory, reference points, and health decisions","volume":"3","year":"2008","journal-title":"Judgment and Decision Making"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.12.001","article-title":"Pathways from uncertainty to anxiety: An evaluation of a hierarchical model of trait and disorder-specific intolerance of uncertainty on anxiety disorder symptoms","volume":"45","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2016.05.001","article-title":"Intolerance of uncertainty in emotional disorders: What uncertainties remain?","volume":"41","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B79","article-title":"Induced worry increases risk aversion in patients with generalized anxiety","volume":"474","year":"2024","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B80","unstructured":"Stan Development Team. (2024a). RStan: the R interface to Stan. https:\/\/mc-stan.org\/"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B81","unstructured":"Stan Development Team. (2024b). Stan Modeling Language Users Guide and Reference Manual, Version 2.35. https:\/\/mc-stan.org"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2015.02.006","article-title":"Unpleasent odors increases aversion to monetary losses","volume":"107","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250918090938_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20145","article-title":"Cognitive specificity of anxiety disorders: A review of selected key constructs","volume":"23","year":"2006","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/s11166-006-8289-6","article-title":"Cumulative prospect theory\u2019s functional menagerie","volume":"32","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Risk and Uncertainty"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250918090938_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1002\/bdm.1888","article-title":"How affect shapes risky choice: Distorted probability weighting versus probability neglect","volume":"29","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250918090938_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.2307\/2937956","article-title":"Loss aversion in riskless choice: A reference-dependent model","volume":"106","year":"1991","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00122574","article-title":"Advances in prospect theory: Cumulative representation of uncertainty","volume":"5","year":"1992","journal-title":"Journal of Risk and Uncertainty"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20250918090938_B88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.2009.02319.x","article-title":"Are probabilities overweighted or underweighted when rare outcomes are experienced (rarely)?","volume":"20","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"16","key":"key20250918090938_B89","first-page":"1984","article-title":"Bayesian rank-based hypothesis testing for the rank sum test, the signed rank test, and Spearman\u2019s \u03c1","volume":"47","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Statistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250918090938_B90","article-title":"Cognitive processes across anxiety disorders related to intolerance of uncertainty: Clinical review","volume":"3","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cogent Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20250918090938_B91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.285245","article-title":"Understanding choice: Why physicians should learn prospect theory","volume":"311","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20250918090938_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04631-9","article-title":"Tolerance to ambiguous uncertainty predicts prosocial behavior","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250918090938_B93","first-page":"567","article-title":"Money does not stink: Using unpleasant odors as stimulus material changes risky decision making","volume":"44","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Decision Making"},{"key":"key20250918090938_B94","article-title":"The impact of psychological treatment on intolerance of uncertainty in generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"97","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20250918090938_B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000115","article-title":"A meta-analytic review of two modes of learning and the description-experience gap","volume":"144","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"}],"container-title":["Computational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/account.cpsyjournal.org\/index.php\/up-j-cp\/article\/download\/140\/221","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/account.cpsyjournal.org\/index.php\/up-j-cp\/article\/download\/140\/222","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/account.cpsyjournal.org\/index.php\/up-j-cp\/article\/download\/140\/223","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/account.cpsyjournal.org\/index.php\/up-j-cp\/article\/download\/140\/221","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]],"date-time":"2025-09-18T09:22:27Z","timestamp":1758187347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/account.cpsyjournal.org\/index.php\/up-j-cp\/article\/view\/140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/cpsy.140","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-6227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-6227","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,18]]}}}