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Most previous work pertaining to neural signatures of exploration is restricted to functional pathways. However, the specific contributions of cortical microarchitectures to high-level cognitive processes such as decision-making are as yet unknown. Here, we investigated the neuroanatomical foundations of inter-individual variability in decision-making strategies. To this end, 122 healthy participants completed a gamified multi-armed bandit paradigm aimed at teasing apart distinct exploration-exploitation decision strategies. We also collected whole-brain quantitative MRI maps indexing microstructural features of cortical myelination and iron content. Through computational modelling, we disentangled individual-specific exploration strategies, including value-free random exploration. Whole-brain regression analyses identified significant associations between value-free exploration and increased cortical myelination in right frontal brain areas with reported links to impulsivity. By elucidating the brain microstructural correlates of distinct exploration-exploitation strategies, we aimed to further our understanding of why individuals differ in their decision-making capabilities, and how decision-making may become aberrant in mental health conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5334\/cpsy.164","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T09:50:27Z","timestamp":1785923427000},"page":"121-141","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cortical Microstructural Variations Correlate With Individual Differences in Gamified Exploration\u2013Exploitation Behaviours"],"prefix":"10.5334","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6411-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ashley","family":"Tyrer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1226-1139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niia","family":"Nikolova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5396-1855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magda","family":"Dubois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1911-1830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leah","family":"Banellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3984-7551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melina","family":"Vejl\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7997-8137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias U.","family":"Hauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9399-4179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micah","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"key20260805095020_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2007.07.007","article-title":"A fast diffeomorphic image registration algorithm","volume":"38","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260805095020_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2005.02.018","article-title":"Unified segmentation","volume":"26","year":"2005","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"key20260805095020_B3","volume-title":"Interoceptive Ability is Unrelated to Mental Health Symptoms: Evidence From a Large Scale Multi-Domain Psychophysical Investigation","year":"2026"},{"key":"key20260805095020_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.05.048","article-title":"Somatotopy of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles in the human sensorimotor cortex","volume":"270","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behavioural Brain Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20260805095020_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2009.05.014","article-title":"How Green Is the Grass on the Other Side? 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