{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T10:15:33Z","timestamp":1788257733560,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Ubiquity Press, Ltd.","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 MH107495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 MH107495"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 MH130792"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 MH130792"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["CPSY"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Reward valuation and reward and punishment learning are important constructs for understanding and intervening on mental illness. These constructs are frequently measured with behavioral tasks such as intertemporal choice tasks, measuring delay discounting, and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT), measuring reward and punishment learning. Delay discounting refers to how people value delayed outcomes, with steep discounting (i.e., delayed outcomes holding little value) considered a form of impulsive decision-making. Reward and punishment learning refers to how people adjust their decision behavior in response to rewards and punishments, with deficits indicating atypical reward and punishment processing related to clinical outcomes such as substance abuse. In this study, we tested the association between delay discounting and computational measures of reward and punishment learning in adults (N = 299) that completed an intertemporal choice task and the play-or-pass IGT. We fit a joint model to the task data to simultaneously estimate parameters from the hyperbolic discounting model (for the intertemporal choice task) and a reinforcement learning model (for the play-or-pass IGT). Our results indicate that steep delay discounting is associated with lower performance on the IGT, specifically through lower punishment learning. That is, people who do not value delayed outcomes also show less learning from punishment, resulting in worse performance in the IGT. Implications of these findings are discussed in the context of improving assessment of reward valuation and reward and punishment learning as constructs relevant to mental illness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5334\/cpsy.172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:14:56Z","timestamp":1788254096000},"page":"159-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations Between Steep Delay Discounting and Punishment Learning"],"prefix":"10.5334","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0811-3849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeremy","family":"Haynes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3195-8452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Kvam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5139-8571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Olino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20260901091355_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pbr.2015.07.032","article-title":"Computational modeling for addiction medicine: From cognitive models to clinical applications","volume":"224","year":"2016","journal-title":"Progress in Brain Research"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1162\/CPSY_a_00002","article-title":"Revealing neurocomputational mechanisms of reinforcement learning and decision-making with the hBayesDM package","volume":"1","year":"2017","journal-title":"Computational Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"key20260901091355_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.2102","article-title":"Delay discounting as a transdiagnostic process in psychiatric disorders: A meta-analysis","volume":"76","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260901091355_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2009.05.013","article-title":"Impulsivity predicts the escalation of cocaine self-administration in rats","volume":"93","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260901091355_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.12.019","article-title":"Does delay discounting play an etiological role in smoking or is it a consequence of smoking?","volume":"103","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"11","key":"key20260901091355_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291721002282","article-title":"The problems with delay discounting: A critical review of current practices and clinical applications","volume":"51","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260901091355_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.3.382","article-title":"Delay discounting in current and never-before cigarette smokers: Similarities and differences across commodity, sign, and magnitude","volume":"112","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260901091355_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2007.09.001","article-title":"Predictors of decision-making on the Iowa Gambling Task: Independent effects of lifetime history of substance use disorders and performance on the Trail Making Test","volume":"66","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B10","volume-title":"Psychological Assessment Resources","year":"2007"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"key20260901091355_B11","first-page":"7","article-title":"Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex","volume":"50","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2019.01.005","article-title":"Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process: Update on the state of the science","volume":"30","year":"2019","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260901091355_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.02.004","article-title":"Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process contributing to addiction and other disease-related vulnerabilities: Emerging evidence","volume":"134","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260901091355_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.02.004","article-title":"Excessive discounting of delayed reinforcers as a trans-disease process contributing to addiction and other disease-related vulnerabilities: Emerging evidence","volume":"134","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacology & Therapeutics"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260901091355_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723003069","article-title":"Posttraumatic stress and delay discounting: A meta-analytic review","volume":"54","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20260901091355_B16","first-page":"601","article-title":"Improving the Reliability of Computational Analyses: Model-Based Planning and Its Relationship With Compulsivity","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acx038","article-title":"Test\u2013retest reliability of common behavioral decision making tasks","volume":"33","year":"2018","journal-title":"Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103547","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.103547","article-title":"Approach and avoidance patterns in reward learning across domains: An initial examination of the Social Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"125","year":"2020","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016128","article-title":"Age differences in affective decision making as indexed by performance on the Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"46","year":"2010","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B20","first-page":"1","article-title":"Is deck C an advantageous deck in the Iowa Gambling Task?","volume":"3","year":"2007","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Functions"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-9081-4-13","article-title":"Immediate gain is long-term loss: Are there foresighted decision makers in the Iowa Gambling Task?","volume":"4","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behavioral and Brain Functions"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B22","article-title":"The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in reward valuation and future thinking during intertemporal choice","volume":"10","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.12.022","article-title":"Neuroimaging of individual differences: A latent variable modeling perspective","volume":"98","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B24","first-page":"1","article-title":"Toward the future of psychiatric diagnosis: The seven pillars of RDoC","volume":"11","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1086\/431025","article-title":"Carpe diem: Adaptation and devaluing the future","volume":"80","year":"2005","journal-title":"The Quarterly Review of Biology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260901091355_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.07.011","article-title":"Impulsive choice and impulsive action predict vulnerability to distinct stages of nicotine seeking in rats","volume":"63","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260901091355_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.08.007","article-title":"Dimensions of impulsive behaviour in abstinent alcoholics","volume":"42","year":"2007","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x","article-title":"Collinearity: A review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance","volume":"36","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecography"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260901091355_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03395199","article-title":"Cross-cultural comparisons of discounting delayed and probabilistic rewards","volume":"52","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Psychological Record"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B30","article-title":"The interpretation of computational model parameters depends on the context","volume":"11","year":"2022","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B31","first-page":"58","article-title":"Different underlying impairments in decision-making following ventromedial and dorsolateral frontal lobe damage in humans","volume":"15","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cerebral Cortex"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B32","article-title":"Differential discounting of past and future gains and losses in individuals in recovery from substance use disorder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.653","article-title":"Punishment and its putative fallout: A reappraisal","volume":"115","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B34","unstructured":"Fox, J., & Weisberg, S. (2019). An R companion to applied regression (3rd ed.). Sage. https:\/\/socialsciences.mcmaster.ca\/jfox\/Books\/Companion\/"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B35","unstructured":"Gabry, J., \u010ce\u0161novar, R., Johnson, A., & Bronder, S. (2025). cmdstanr: R interface to \u201cCmdStan\u201d (Version 0.9.0) [Computer software]. https:\/\/mc-stan.org\/cmdstanr\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260901091355_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.910","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of test\u2013retest reliability and stability of delay and probability discounting","volume":"121","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B37","volume-title":"Bayesian data analysis","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260901091355_B38","first-page":"457","article-title":"Inference from iterative simulation using multiple sequences","volume":"7","year":"1992","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"issue":"1104","key":"key20260901091355_B39","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impulsive delayed reward discounting as a genetically-influenced target for drug abuse prevention: A critical evaluation","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20260901091355_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03211314","article-title":"Rate of temporal discounting decreases with amount of reward","volume":"25","year":"1997","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260901091355_B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.45","article-title":"Delay discounting of monetary rewards over a wide range of amounts","volume":"100","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260901091355_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.56","article-title":"Discounting of delayed and probabilistic losses over a wide range of amounts","volume":"101","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B43","article-title":"A tutorial on using generative models to advance psychological science: Lessons from the reliability paradox","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20260901091355_B44","first-page":"822","article-title":"From classical methods to generative models: Tackling the unreliability of neuroscientific measures in mental health research","volume":"8","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20260901091355_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12688","article-title":"The outcome-representation learning model: A novel reinforcement learning model of the Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"5927","key":"key20260901091355_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1168450","article-title":"Self-control in decision-making involves modulation of the vmPFC valuation system","volume":"324","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-024-01197-6","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of the play-or-pass version of the Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"24","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B48","article-title":"Reward and Punishment Learning Among People with a Lifetime History of Anxiety, Depression, and Substance Use Disorder","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B49","first-page":"1421","article-title":"Anodal stimulation of the left DLPFC increases IGT scores and decreases delay discounting rate in healthy males","volume":"7","year":"2016","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"S2","key":"key20260901091355_B50","first-page":"S10","article-title":"The epidemiology of drug abuse","volume":"61","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260901091355_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2008.540","article-title":"Translating scientific opportunity into public health impact: A strategic plan for research on mental illness","volume":"66","year":"2009","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260901091355_B52","first-page":"316","article-title":"Attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder and monetary delay discounting: A meta-analysis of case-control studies","volume":"1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B53","volume-title":"The theory of probability","year":"1961"},{"issue":"12","key":"key20260901091355_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1038\/nn2007","article-title":"The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice","volume":"10","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Neuroscience"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260901091355_B55","first-page":"363","article-title":"Prospect theory: An analysis of decision under risk","volume":"47","year":"1979","journal-title":"Econometrica"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105137","article-title":"Individual differences in computational psychiatry: A review of current challenges","volume":"148","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1037\/0096-3445.128.1.78","article-title":"Heroin addicts have higher discount rates for delayed rewards than non-drug-using controls","volume":"128","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101518","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2022.101518","article-title":"Developmental trajectories of delay discounting from childhood to young adulthood: Longitudinal associations and test-retest reliability","volume":"139","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260901091355_B59","article-title":"Hyperbolic discounting rates and risk for problematic alcohol use in youth enrolled in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study","volume":"27","year":"2022","journal-title":"Addiction Biology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000264","article-title":"Testing the factor structure underlying behavior using joint cognitive models: Impulsivity in delay discounting and Cambridge gambling tasks","volume":"26","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"11","key":"key20260901091355_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2005.10.013","article-title":"Neural correlates of cognitive control in childhood and adolescence: Disentangling the contributions of age and executive function","volume":"44","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B62","volume-title":"Bayesian cognitive modeling: A practical course","year":"2014"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260901091355_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291718001770","article-title":"Can delay discounting deliver on the promise of RDoC?","volume":"49","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B64","unstructured":"Lenth, R., & Piaskowski, J. (2026). emmeans: Estimated marginal means, aka least-squares means. R Package Version 2.0.3. https:\/\/rvlenth.github.io\/emmeans\/"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2229-0","article-title":"Delayed reward discounting and addictive behavior: A meta-analysis","volume":"216","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.newideapsych.2022.101006","article-title":"Critical appraisal of the discussion on delay discounting by Bailey et al. And Stein et al.: A scientific proposal for a reinforcer pathology theory 3.0","volume":"69","year":"2023","journal-title":"New Ideas in Psychology"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B67","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Quantitative analyses of behavior: Vol. 5. The effect of delay and of intervening events on reinforcement value","year":"1987"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260901091355_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2008.12.017","article-title":"A comparison of four models of delay discounting in humans","volume":"81","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behavioural Processes"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260901091355_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.860","article-title":"Reliability and validity of behavioral-economic measures: A review and synthesis of discounting and demand","volume":"120","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"issue":"9","key":"key20260901091355_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1909","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn_a_01721","article-title":"Does ventromedial prefrontal cortex damage really increase impulsiveness? Delay and probability discounting in patients with focal lesions","volume":"33","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"12","key":"key20260901091355_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.9612182512.x","article-title":"Three decision-making tasks in cocaine-dependent patients: Do they measure the same construct?","volume":"96","year":"2001","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02414-0","article-title":"Revisiting the seven pillars of RDoC","volume":"20","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20260901091355_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614531580","article-title":"Value-based decision making in mental illness: A meta-analysis","volume":"2","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clinical Psychological Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260901091355_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.5.2.182","article-title":"Validity of the Kaufman brief intelligence test","volume":"5","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260901091355_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1901\/jeab.2011.96-423","article-title":"Delay discounting: I\u2019m a k, you\u2019re a k","volume":"96","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260901091355_B76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.589","article-title":"Delay discounting of different outcomes: Review and theory","volume":"113","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20260901091355_B77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1886","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.06.016","article-title":"Adolescents\u2019 performance on delay and probability discounting tasks: Contributions of age, intelligence, executive functioning, and self-reported externalizing behavior","volume":"43","year":"2007","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20260901091355_B78","article-title":"Temporal discounting when outcomes are experienced in the moment: Validation of a novel paradigm and comparison with a classic hypothetical intertemporal choice task","volume":"16","year":"2021","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-004-1994-4","article-title":"Impulsivity (delay discounting) as a predictor of acquisition of IV cocaine self-administration in female rats","volume":"178","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"issue":"12","key":"key20260901091355_B80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1177\/01461672002612002","article-title":"The springs of action: Affective and analytical information processing in choice","volume":"26","year":"2000","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20260901091355_B81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.9357298.x","article-title":"Shortened time horizons and insensitivity to future consequences in heroin addicts","volume":"93","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B82","author":"R Core Team, R.","year":"2025","journal-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260901091355_B83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(98)00091-8","article-title":"Dissociable deficits in the decision-making cognition of chronic amphetamine abusers, opiate abusers, patients with focal damage to prefrontal cortex, and tryptophan-depleted normal volunteers: Evidence for monoaminergic mechanisms","volume":"20","year":"1999","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107711","article-title":"A computational model of the Cambridge gambling task with applications to substance use disorders","volume":"206","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"9","key":"key20260901091355_B85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000462","article-title":"Experimental reductions of delay discounting and impulsive choice: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"147","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s40614-019-00200-7","article-title":"Changing delay discounting and impulsive choice: Implications for addictions, prevention, and human health","volume":"42","year":"2019","journal-title":"Perspectives on Behavior Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260901091355_B87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191117750470","article-title":"Psychometrics of the Iowa and Berlin Gambling Tasks: Unresolved issues with reliability and validity for risk taking","volume":"27","year":"2020","journal-title":"Assessment"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B88","year":"2002","journal-title":"E-Prime reference guide"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1590\/1980-57642018dn12-030005","article-title":"Decision making assessed by the Iowa Gambling Task and major depressive disorder: A systematic review","volume":"12","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dementia & Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B90","unstructured":"Stan Development Team. (n.d.). Reparameterization and Change of Variables. Stan Docs. Retrieved April 11, 2025, from https:\/\/mc-stan.org\/docs\/stan-users-guide\/reparameterization.html"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B91","unstructured":"Stan Development Team. (2023). Stan modeling language users guide and reference manual. Technical Report Version 2.32. https:\/\/mcstan.org"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029929","article-title":"Performance of healthy participants on the Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"25","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B93","first-page":"361","article-title":"The adaptive nature of impulsivity","year":"2010","journal-title":"Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5334\/cpsy.89","article-title":"Enhancing the psychometric properties of the Iowa Gambling Task using full generative modeling","volume":"6","year":"2022","journal-title":"Computational Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.01.048","article-title":"A Bayesian framework for simultaneously modeling neural and behavioral data","volume":"72","year":"2013","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.02.004","article-title":"The differential relationship between cocaine use and marijuana use on decision-making performance over repeat testing with the Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"90","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260901091355_B97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0672-2","article-title":"Hierarchical Bayesian estimation and hypothesis testing for delay discounting tasks","volume":"48","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20260901091355_B98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.04.002","article-title":"NOW vs LATER brain circuits: Implications for obesity and addiction","volume":"38","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends in Neurosciences"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260901091355_B99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cogpsych.2009.12.001","article-title":"Bayesian hypothesis testing for psychologists: A tutorial on the Savage\u2013Dickey method","volume":"60","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-020-01405-4","article-title":"Identifying relationships between cognitive processes across tasks, contexts, and time","volume":"53","year":"2021","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B101","first-page":"100771","article-title":"Exploring the complex relationship between depression and risky decision-making: A meta-analysis","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders Reports"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmp.2008.12.001","article-title":"Bayesian parameter estimation in the Expectancy Valence Model of the Iowa Gambling Task","volume":"54","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Mathematical Psychology"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B103","article-title":"Ten simple rules for the computational modeling of behavioral data","volume":"8","year":"2019","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"key20260901091355_B104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2020.106446","article-title":"Discounting delayed monetary rewards and decision making in behavioral addictions\u2013A comparison between patients with gambling disorder and internet gaming disorder","volume":"108","year":"2020","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260901091355_B105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jeab.265","article-title":"Discounting: A practical guide to multilevel analysis of indifference data","volume":"108","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20260901091355_B106","first-page":"789","article-title":"Improving the reliability of cognitive task measures: A narrative review","volume":"8","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging"}],"container-title":["Computational Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/cpsyjournal.org\/articles\/172\/files\/6a9697288e49d.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cpsyjournal.org\/articles\/172\/files\/6a96973dd2688.xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cpsyjournal.org\/articles\/172\/files\/6a96993377255.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/cpsyjournal.org\/articles\/172\/files\/6a9697288e49d.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T09:38:32Z","timestamp":1788255512000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/cpsyjournal.org\/articles\/10.5334\/cpsy.172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/cpsy.172","relation":{},"ISSN":["2379-6227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2379-6227","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]}}}