{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:05:01Z","timestamp":1790766301183,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Ubiquity Press, Ltd.","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Integr Care"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: In response to the challenges of inequitable healthcare access and underdeveloped primary care systems, integrated care reforms have emerged as a promising solution. This study examines the effectiveness of one such reform, i.e. the establishment of a cross-regional, tightly integrated healthcare alliance (specifically an urban healthcare group) in the resource-constrained Dapeng District of Shenzhen, China. We assess its impact on service delivery performance through the lens of three core health system objectives: accessibility, quality, and affordability.\nMethods: We utilised longitudinal data from 2012 to 2023 and defined seven indicators aligned with the three core health system goals: accessibility, quality, and affordability. Both annual and quarterly data were used, with quarterly data applied to the interrupted time-series analysis. We employed an interrupted time-series analysis (ITSA) to estimate both immediate level changes and subsequent slope changes in the trends. Serial autocorrelation was assessed using the Durbin-Watson (DW) test. Where autocorrelation existed, we used Prais\u2013Winsten generalised least squares (GLS) to ensure robust estimation. Furthermore, we analysed bidirectional referral data to corroborate the effectiveness of the hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system. We also incorporated per-capita medical expenditure, drawn from district administrative records, to track affordability trends over time.\nResults: The reform was associated with significant improvements across quality, accessibility, and affordability. The capacity of local healthcare institutions to manage severe and complex conditions was substantially enhanced, reflected in significant post-reform trend increases in both Level III\/IV surgeries (\u03b23 = 14.498, p &lt; 0.001) and Type C\/D cases (\u03b23 = 51.743, p &lt; 0.001). Accessibility improved notably through expanded bed capacity, with a significant increase in beds per 1,000 population (\u03b23 = 0.031, p &lt; 0.01). Physician and nurse densities showed significant immediate-level increases at the reform point, but their post-reform trend changes were not statistically significant. Affordability also improved, including immediate increases in the proportion of medical insurance patients (\u03b22 = 0.085, p &lt; 0.05) and the proportion of medical income from medical insurance (\u03b22 = 0.113, p &lt; 0.01). Furthermore, both outpatient and inpatient unit costs in Dapeng remained consistently below the Shenzhen citywide average and exhibited slower growth rates. Finally, the hierarchical care system showed strengthened performance, exemplified by a marked increase in the share of consultations delivered by community health centres (CHCs) from 28.13% in 2019 to 55.43% in 2023.\nConclusion: The integrated urban healthcare group model effectively strengthened primary care delivery in a resource-limited setting, achieving concurrent improvements in access, quality, and affordability. However, the gains in human resources were mainly immediate rather than sustained, suggesting that persistent workforce constraints can limit the translation of infrastructure expansion into long-term accessibility improvements. The experience of Dapeng, Shenzhen, China, offers valuable and transferable insights for health systems in comparable contexts seeking to implement integrated care reforms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5334\/ijic.10192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T10:23:24Z","timestamp":1790763804000},"page":"22","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The \u201cIron Triangle\u201d of Healthcare Services: Evaluating an Integrated Healthcare Alliance\u2019s Impact on Primary Care in Shenzhen, China"],"prefix":"10.5334","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0860-8140","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shilan","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5659-0527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1644-6691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xizi","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"key20260930102316_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.22.4.93","article-title":"Organizational fragmentation and care quality in the U.S healthcare system","volume":"22","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260930102316_B2","article-title":"Reducing fragmentation of primary healthcare financing for more equitable, people-centred primary healthcare","volume":"10","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"key":"key20260930102316_B3","unstructured":"World Bank Group, World Health Organization,Ministry of Finance, National Health and FamilyPlanning Commission, Ministry of Human Resources andSocial Security. 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