{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:50:57Z","timestamp":1785757857006,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Ubiquity Press, Ltd.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"DOI":"10.5334\/joc.510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:35:39Z","timestamp":1785756939000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Impact of Verb Speed on the Processing of Goal-Oriented Visual Scenes"],"prefix":"10.5334","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1535-9449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piia","family":"Taremaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4660-434X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nele","family":"Ots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3011-7800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Veismann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3147-3615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura J.","family":"Speed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3285","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"key20260803114323_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-0277(99)00059-1","article-title":"Incremental interpretation at verbs: Restricting the domain of subsequent reference","volume":"73","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260803114323_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2007.09.002","article-title":"Analyzing \u2018visual world\u2019 eyetracking data using multilevel logistic regression","volume":"59","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Memory and Language"},{"key":"key20260803114323_B3","first-page":"245","volume-title":"Symbols, embodiment, and meaning: Debates on meaning and cognition","year":"2008"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260803114323_B4","first-page":"1","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260803114323_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.237","article-title":"Brain signatures of embodied semantics and language: A consensus paper","volume":"6","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260803114323_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1037\/a0038569","article-title":"Speeded naming or naming speed? The automatic effect of object speed on performance","volume":"144","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychology: General"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260803114323_B7","first-page":"150","volume":"112","year":"2010","journal-title":"Grammatical aspect and mental simulation. Brain and Language"},{"issue":"12","key":"key20260803114323_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.09.015","article-title":"Over-reliance on English hinders cognitive science","volume":"26","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends in Cognitive Sciences"},{"key":"key20260803114323_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684639","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.684639","article-title":"The Influence of Focus Marking on Pronoun Resolution in Dialogue Context","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260803114323_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/10926488.2020.1794318","article-title":"Mental Simulation in the Processing of Literal and Metaphorical Motion Language: An Eye Movement Study","volume":"35","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metaphor and Symbol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20260803114323_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-021-01880-6","article-title":"Synthesizing the effects of mental simulation on behavior change: Systematic review and multilevel meta-analysis","volume":"28","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20260803114323_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.82.6.407","article-title":"A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing","volume":"82","year":"1975","journal-title":"Psychological review"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260803114323_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2006.02.009","article-title":"Representing object colour in language comprehension","volume":"102","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20260803114323_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1080\/23273798.2018.1471512","article-title":"What have labels ever done for us? The linguistic shortcut in conceptual processing","volume":"34","year":"2019","journal-title":"Language, Cognition and Neuroscience"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260803114323_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1080\/20445911.2017.1281283","article-title":"Mental simulation of four visual object properties: Similarities and differences as assessed by the sentence\u2013picture verification task","volume":"29","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260803114323_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1177\/2515245919876960","article-title":"How Do I Know What My Theory Predicts?","volume":"2","year":"2019","journal-title":"Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science"},{"key":"key20260803114323_B17","volume-title":"Estonian language","year":"2003"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260803114323_B18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Looking at the center of the targets helps multiple object tracking","volume":"10","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Vision"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20260803114323_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210701623605","article-title":"Embodied language: A review of the role of the motor system in language comprehension","volume":"61","year":"2008","journal-title":"The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260803114323_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00426-025-02076-6","article-title":"Grounded cognition and the representation of momentum: Abstract concepts modulate mislocalization","volume":"89","year":"2025","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20260803114323_B21","article-title":"Interaction effect: Are you doing the right thing?","volume":"17","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260803114323_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03196313","article-title":"Grounding language in action","volume":"9","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260803114323_B23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(03)00838-9","article-title":"Somatotopic representation of action words in human motor and premotor cortex","volume":"41","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20260803114323_B24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-017-0708-1","article-title":"Is color an integral part of a rich mental simulation?","volume":"45","year":"2017","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20260803114323_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-019-00928-2","article-title":"How are mental simulations updated across sentences?","volume":"47","year":"2019","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260803114323_B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.228","article-title":"Ecological Meanings: A Consensus Paper on Individual Differences and Contextual Influences in Embodied Language","volume":"6","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition"},{"key":"key20260803114323_B27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723602","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.723602","article-title":"Examining the Effect of Adverbs and Onomatopoeia on Physical Movement","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20260803114323_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3461","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-01969-3","article-title":"Analysing data from the psycholinguistic visual-world paradigm: Comparison of different analysis methods","volume":"55","year":"2022","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260803114323_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.231","article-title":"Embodied Processing at Six Linguistic Granularity Levels: A Consensus Paper","volume":"6","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Cognition"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260803114323_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.24093\/awejtls\/vol7no1.2","article-title":"The Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying the Concept of \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 (Speed) in Arabic","volume":"7","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arab World English Journal For Translation and Literary Studies"},{"key":"key20260803114323_B31","unstructured":"Lakoff, G., Espenson, J., & Schwartz, A. (1991). Master metaphor list (second draft copy). California: Cognitive Linguistics Group, University of California Berkeley. Retrieved from https:\/\/araw.mede.uic.edu\/~alansz\/metaphor\/METAPHORLIST.pdf."},{"key":"key20260803114323_B32","unstructured":"Lenth, R. V. (2025). Emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. R package version 1.11.1, https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=emmeans(Accessed 16 June 2025)."},{"issue":"6","key":"key20260803114323_B33","article-title":"To dash or to dawdle: Verb-associated speed of motion influences eye movements during spoken sentence comprehension","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"key20260803114323_B34","first-page":"537","volume-title":"Eesti keele s\u00fcntaks [Estonian syntax]","year":"2017"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260803114323_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1007\/s10339-024-01201-4","article-title":"Mental simulation of colour properties during language comprehension: Influence of context and comprehension stages","volume":"25","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cognitive Processing"},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"key20260803114323_B36","first-page":"59","article-title":"A critical look at the embodied cognition hypothesis and a new proposal for grounding conceptual content","volume":"102","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of physiology-Paris"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20260803114323_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2010.11.002","article-title":"Coming of age: A review of embodiment and the neuroscience of semantics","volume":"48","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260803114323_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-021-01927-8","article-title":"A pre-registered, multi-lab non-replication of the action-sentence compatibility effect (ACE)","volume":"29","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychonomic Bulletin & Review"},{"key":"key20260803114323_B39","unstructured":"Morey, R. D., & Rouder, J. N. (2026). BayesFactor: Computation of Bayes Factors for Common Designs. R package version 0.9.12-4.8. <https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=BayesFactor> (Accessed 26 March 2026)."},{"key":"key20260803114323_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333598","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2024.1333598","article-title":"Flexible and fine-grained simulation of speed in language processing","volume":"15","year":"2024","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"key":"key20260803114323_B41","unstructured":"Porretta, V. (2019). Basic VWP Preprocessing. https:\/\/vincentporretta.r-universe.dev\/articles\/VWPre\/VWPre_Basic_Preprocessing.html"},{"key":"key20260803114323_B42","unstructured":"Porretta, V., Kyr\u00f6l\u00e4inen, A.-J., van Rij, J., & J\u00e4rvikivi, J. (2016). VWPre: Tools for Preprocessing Visual World Data. Version 1.2.4, updated 2020-11-28. <https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=VWPre> (Accessed 16 June 2025)."},{"key":"key20260803114323_B43","first-page":"268","volume-title":"Intelligent Decision Technologies 2017","year":"2018"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20260803114323_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2811","article-title":"Active perception: Sensorimotor circuits as a cortical basis for language","volume":"11","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Neuroscience"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260803114323_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2005.12.004","article-title":"The integration of figurative language and static depictions: An eye movement study of fictive motion","volume":"102","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cognition"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260803114323_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.3.638","article-title":"The file drawer problem and tolerance for null results","volume":"86","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"key":"key20260803114323_B47","unstructured":"Singmann, H., Bolker, B., Westfall, J., Aust, F., & Ben-Shachar, M. S. (2024). Afex: Analysis of Factorial Experiments. R package version 1.4-1. <https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=afex> (Accessed 16 June 2025)."},{"key":"key20260803114323_B48","first-page":"59","volume-title":"Space in Languages: Linguistic Systems and Cognitive Categories (Typological Studies in Language","year":"2006"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260803114323_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1146","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12593","article-title":"An Exception to Mental Simulation: No Evidence for Embodied Odor Language","volume":"42","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20260803114323_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617717000248","article-title":"Impaired comprehension of speed verbs in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260803114323_B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12096","article-title":"Eye movements reveal the dynamic simulation of speed in language","volume":"38","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260803114323_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s004260100059","article-title":"Oculomotor mechanisms activated by imagery and memory: Eye movements to absent objects","volume":"65","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260803114323_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-012-0248-7","article-title":"The psychologist said quickly, \u201cDialogue descriptions modulate reading speed!\u201d","volume":"41","year":"2013","journal-title":"Memory & Cognition"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20260803114323_B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1648","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12301","article-title":"Eye Movements Reveal Mental Looking Through Time","volume":"40","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cognitive Science"},{"key":"key20260803114323_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2025.106335","article-title":"The same label, different processes: What lies behind the term \u201cmental simulation\u201d in the embodied cognition literature?","volume":"188","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain and Cognition"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260803114323_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1017\/S0332586522000245","article-title":"Speed as a dimension of manner in Estonian frog stories","volume":"47","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nordic Journal of Linguistics"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260803114323_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1162\/0898929053124965","article-title":"Listening to action-related sentences activates fronto-parietal motor circuits","volume":"17","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience"},{"issue":"11","key":"key20260803114323_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1931","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210500416342","article-title":"Visual saliency and semantic incongruency influence eye movements when inspecting pictures","volume":"59","year":"2006","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology"},{"key":"key20260803114323_B59","unstructured":"van Rij, J., Wieling, M., Baayen, H., & van Rijn, H. (2022). Itsadug: Interpreting Time Series and Autocorrelated Data Using GAMMs. R package version 2.4.1. <https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/itsadug\/index.html> (Accessed 16 June 2025)."},{"key":"key20260803114323_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2021.103428","article-title":"Is rushing always faster than strolling? A reaction time study on the processing of sentences containing manner of motion verbs","volume":"221","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"key":"key20260803114323_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2017.01.025","article-title":"Primary motor cortex functionally contributes to language comprehension: An online rTMS study","volume":"96","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"key20260803114323_B62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103712","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actpsy.2022.103712","article-title":"The action-sentence compatibility effect (ACE): Meta-analysis of a benchmark finding for embodiment","volume":"230","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Psychologica"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260803114323_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2010.00749.x","article-title":"Fast Stable Restricted Maximum Likelihood and Marginal Likelihood Estimation of Semiparametric Generalized Linear Models","volume":"73","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"},{"key":"key20260803114323_B64","volume-title":"Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R","year":"2017","edition":"2nd ed."},{"key":"key20260803114323_B65","unstructured":"Wood, S. N. (2025). Mgcv: Mixed GAM Computation Vehicle with Automatic Smoothness Estimation. Version 1.9-3. <https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/mgcv\/index.html> (Accessed 16 June 2025)."},{"key":"key20260803114323_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-7421(03)44002-4","article-title":"The immersed experiencer: Toward an embodied theory of language comprehension","volume":"44","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychology of Learning and Motivation"},{"issue":"12","key":"key20260803114323_B67","article-title":"Revisiting Mental Simulation in Language Comprehension: Six Replication Attempts","volume":"7","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["Journal of Cognition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T11:43:38Z","timestamp":1785757418000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.journalofcognition.org\/articles\/10.5334\/joc.510\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5334\/joc.510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/joc.510","relation":{},"ISSN":["2514-4820"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2514-4820","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"article-number":"39"}}