{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T15:49:15Z","timestamp":1773935355694,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ubiquity Press, Ltd.","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TOHM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Movement disorders associated with hematologic malignancies remain incompletely defined. This review synthesized published articles to clarify clinical patterns, mechanisms, and outcomes across hematologic malignancies.\nMethods: A PRISMA-compliant systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Google Scholar was conducted to identify reports describing movement disorders associated with hematologic malignancies. Eligible reports were screened according to predefined criteria, and data were extracted on demographics, hematologic diagnosis, central nervous system (CNS) involvement, movement-disorder phenotype, investigative findings, treatments administered, and neurological outcomes.\nResults: A total of 252 cases were included: 152 lymphoid, 78 myeloid, and 22 plasma-cell neoplasms. Lymphoid malignancies most commonly presented with cerebellar ataxia (55.3 percent), followed by parkinsonism (18.4 percent) and chorea (11.8 percent), with CNS involvement frequent, including infiltration (33.6 percent) and immune-mediated injury (30.3 percent). Myeloid disorders showed a predominantly hyperkinetic profile, especially generalized chorea (41 percent) and hemichorea or hemiballismus (17.9 percent), while structural CNS disease was rare (2.6 percent) and most cases reflected systemic or treatment-related mechanisms. Plasma-cell neoplasms were characterized mainly by parkinsonism (45.5 percent) and cerebellar syndromes (27.3 percent). Neurological improvement occurred in most patients, particularly after treatment of underlying hematologic disorder. In a cohort of 232 CNS lymphoma patients, prodromal neuropsychiatric features occurred in 9 percent, parkinsonism in 25 percent of those, and 80 percent improved following lymphoma-directed therapy.\nConclusions: Movement disorders in hematologic cancers show distinct, disease-specific profiles, with cerebellar, hyperkinetic, and parkinsonian patterns corresponding to lymphoid, myeloid, and plasma-cell neoplasms. CNS involvement mechanisms differ, providing essential diagnostic and therapeutic guidance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.1147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T13:24:42Z","timestamp":1773926682000},"page":"18","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Spectrum of Movement Disorders in Hematological Malignancies: A Comprehensive Systematic Review of Clinical Phenotypes, Mechanisms, and Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.5334","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0044-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravindra Kumar","family":"Garg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3195-0220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amita","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8285-3936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ritu","family":"Karoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1483-2233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shweta","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1132-5372","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vimal","family":"Paliwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5795-8485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vinay","family":"Suresh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0786-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay","family":"Singhal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20260319132437_B1","unstructured":"WHO Classification of Tumours Editorial Board. Haematolymphoid Tumours. WHO Classification of Tumours series, 5th edition, volume 11 [Internet; beta version ahead of print]. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 2022 [cited 2023 Jul 22]. Available from: https:\/\/tumourclassification.iarc.who.int."},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"key20260319132437_B2","first-page":"5","article-title":"Classification of Myelodysplastic, Myeloproliferative, and Myelodysplastic\/Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: The Past, Present, and Future","volume":"100","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260319132437_B3","first-page":"193","article-title":"Movement Disorders and Hematologic Diseases","volume":"8","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20260319132437_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(03)00063-X","article-title":"Neurologic manifestations of hematologic disorders","volume":"20","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"key":"key20260319132437_B5","first-page":"npaf062","article-title":"Cancer-Related Movement Disorders: A Scoping Review and Diagnostic Approach","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuro-Oncology Practice"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20260319132437_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70060-7","article-title":"Paraneoplastic syndromes of the CNS","volume":"7","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key20260319132437_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-823912-4.00004-9","article-title":"Paraneoplastic movement disorders","volume":"200","year":"2024","journal-title":"Handb Clin Neurol"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260319132437_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04985-3","article-title":"Movement disorders in primary central nervous system lymphoma: two unreported cases and a review of literature","volume":"42","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20260319132437_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50918","article-title":"Chorea as a paraneoplastic syndrome heralding the transformation of non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"214","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"key20260319132437_B10","article-title":"Treatment-Emergent Parkinsonism in Four Patients Treated with Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"issue":"8","key":"key20260319132437_B11","article-title":"Tumoral parkinsonism\u2014Parkinsonism secondary to brain tumors, paraneoplastic syndromes, intracranial malformations, or oncological intervention, and the effect of dopaminergic treatment","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain and Behavior"},{"key":"key20260319132437_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.657","article-title":"Choreoathetosis in the Setting of Human Herpesvirus-6 Infection in a Transplant Recipient","volume":"11","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y)"},{"key":"key20260319132437_B13","unstructured":"Garg RK, Jain A, Pandey S, Paliwal VK, Singhal S. Spectrum of Movement Disorders in Hematological Malignancies and Myeloproliferative Disorders: A Systematic Review. PROSPERO 2025 CRD420251168610. Available from https:\/\/www.crd.york.ac.uk\/PROSPERO\/view\/CRD420251168610."},{"key":"key20260319132437_B14","unstructured":"The Movement Disorder Society. About Movement Disorders: View clinical information, resources, tools and education about common movement disorders. Downloaded from https:\/\/www.movementdisorders.org\/MDS\/About\/Movement-Disorder-Overviews.htm. Assessed on 31st October, 2025."},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260319132437_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjebm-2017-110853","article-title":"Methodological quality and synthesis of case series and case reports","volume":"23","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Evid Based Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20260319132437_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1097\/COC.0000000000000738","article-title":"Psychiatric Disturbance or Parkinsonism as a Presentation of CNS Lymphoma: Observational Retrospective Study and Review of Literature","volume":"43","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Clin Oncol"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20260319132437_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2087","article-title":"Primary lymphoma of the central nervous system\u2013a diagnostic challenge","volume":"32","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hematol Oncol"},{"key":"key20260319132437_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100910","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2021.100910","article-title":"Neurologic complications of acute myeloid leukemia. 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