{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T10:48:40Z","timestamp":1782816520186,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Ubiquity Press, Ltd.","issue":"1","funder":[{"name":"National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC)","award":["1055084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1055084"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]},"DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]],"date-time":"2023-01-03T04:37:09Z","timestamp":1672720629000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Upper Limb Function but Not Proprioception is Impaired in Essential Tremor: A Between-Groups Study and Causal Mediation Analysis"],"prefix":"10.5334","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3678-1297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annie A.","family":"Butler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0077-3869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Diong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kajsa","family":"Lidman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel L.","family":"Wardman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1345-3821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon C.","family":"Gandevia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3354-7104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin E.","family":"H\u00e9roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3285","reference":[{"key":"key20230103043702_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(05)00991-9","article-title":"Essential tremor","volume":"4","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22838","article-title":"How common is the most common adult movement disorder? Update on the worldwide prevalence of essential tremor","volume":"25","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.4.665","article-title":"The incidence and lifetime prevalence of neurological disorders in a prospective community-based study in the UK","volume":"123","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B4","article-title":"The essential tremors: evolving concepts of a family of diseases","volume":"12","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1982","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.12.1982","article-title":"Is essential tremor benign?","volume":"41","year":"1991","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.01.017","article-title":"Upper-extremity disability in essential tremor","volume":"87","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20230103043702_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.07.255","article-title":"Functional mobility and postural control in essential tremor","volume":"87","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20230103043702_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00870673","article-title":"Assessing the impact of essential tremor on upper limb function","volume":"241","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.56.7.841","article-title":"Validity of a performance-based test of function in essential tremor","volume":"56","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.1184","article-title":"Correlates of functional disability in essential tremor","volume":"16","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23811","article-title":"Tremor during movement correlates well with disability in people with essential tremor","volume":"26","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.09.006","article-title":"Tremor severity is a poor predictor of social disability in patients with essential tremor","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B13","first-page":"1157","article-title":"Kinesthetic Senses","volume":"8","year":"2018","journal-title":"Compr Physiol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1651","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00048.2011","article-title":"The proprioceptive senses: their roles in signaling body shape, body position and movement, and muscle force","volume":"92","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22633","article-title":"Synchronized brain network associated with essential tremor as revealed by magnetoencephalography","volume":"24","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20230103043702_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e639","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008916","article-title":"Tactile and proprioceptive dysfunction differentiates cervical dystonia with and without tremor","volume":"94","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9210","key":"key20230103043702_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02064-X","article-title":"Coherence between low-frequency activation of the motor cortex and tremor in patients with essential tremor","volume":"355","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2005.103093","article-title":"Motor commands contribute to human position sense","volume":"571","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.09.024","article-title":"The oscillating central network of essential tremor","volume":"123","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.01.088","article-title":"Oscillating central motor networks in pathological tremors and voluntary movements. What makes the difference?","volume":"60","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.1996.0034","article-title":"Brain representation of active and passive movements","volume":"4","year":"1996","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"11","key":"key20230103043702_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3476","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2007.05587.x","article-title":"Human limb-specific and non-limb-specific brain representations during kinesthetic illusory movements of the upper and lower extremities","volume":"25","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Neurosci"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B23","first-page":"356","volume-title":"Principles of Neural Science","year":"2013","edition":"5th"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B24","first-page":"473","volume-title":"Principles of Neural Science","year":"2013","edition":"5th"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B25","first-page":"960","volume-title":"Principles of Neural Science","year":"2013","edition":"5th"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B26","first-page":"790","volume-title":"Principles of Neural Science","year":"2013","edition":"5th"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B27","first-page":"248","article-title":"The right supramarginal gyrus is important for proprioception in healthy and stroke-affected participants: A functional MRI study","volume":"6","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.03.008","article-title":"Central perception of position sense involves a distributed neural network \u2013 Evidence from lesion-behavior analyses","volume":"79","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22370","article-title":"Intention tremor in essential tremor: Prevalence and association with disease duration","volume":"24","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20230103043702_B30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A1544","article-title":"Cerebellar atrophy in essential tremor using an automated segmentation method","volume":"30","year":"2009","journal-title":"AJNR Am J Neuroradiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"key20230103043702_B31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22567","article-title":"Torpedoes in Parkinson\u2019s disease, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, essential tremor, and control brains","volume":"24","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20230103043702_B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/NEN.0b013e3181d1ad04","article-title":"\u201cHairy baskets\u201d associated with degenerative Purkinje cell changes in essential tremor","volume":"69","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.198","article-title":"How many people in the USA have essential tremor? Deriving a population estimate based on epidemiological data","volume":"4","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2020.11.002","article-title":"Essential tremor \u2013 A cerebellar driven disorder?","volume":"462","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20230103043702_B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00983.2011","article-title":"Active force perception depends on cerebellar function","volume":"107","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2015.03.013","article-title":"Cerebellar damage impairs internal predictions for sensory and motor function","volume":"33","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B37","first-page":"S115","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms in essential tremor: A review of the current data and state of the field","volume":"1","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"7","key":"key20230103043702_B38","article-title":"Tactile and proprioceptive temporal discrimination are impaired in functional tremor","volume":"9","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B39","first-page":"244","article-title":"Disruption in proprioception from long-term thalamic deep brain stimulation: a pilot study","volume":"9","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20230103043702_B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2014.12.001","article-title":"Medication non-adherence in essential tremor","volume":"21","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B41","first-page":"l4485","article-title":"Essential tremor: diagnosis and management","volume":"366","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036477","article-title":"Proprioception in schizophrenics and normals: effects of stimulus intensity and interstimulus interval","volume":"83","year":"1974","journal-title":"J Abnorm Psychol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2004.11.045","article-title":"Weight discrimination after anterior cruciate ligament injury: a pilot study","volume":"86","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000295","article-title":"Impact of patellar tendinopathy on knee proprioception: a cross-sectional study","volume":"27","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin J Sport Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20230103043702_B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27121","article-title":"Consensus Statement on the classification of tremors. from the task force on tremor of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society","volume":"33","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20230103043702_B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(03)00006-3","article-title":"Characteristics of physiologic tremor in young and elderly adults","volume":"114","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20230103043702_B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1997.78.5.2641","article-title":"Innervation territories of mechanically activated C nociceptor units in human skin","volume":"78","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B48","first-page":"225","volume-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Movement Disorders","year":"1988"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20230103043702_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8257(200005)15:3<516::AID-MDS1015>3.0.CO;2-J","article-title":"Validity and test-retest reliability of a disability questionnaire for essential tremor","volume":"15","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"key20230103043702_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.10.050","article-title":"The effect of inertial loading on wrist kinetic tremor and rhythmic muscle activity in individuals with essential tremor","volume":"122","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B51","volume-title":"The effect of contraction type and intensity, mass loading and vidual feedback on wrist tremor in individuals with essential tremor","year":"2008"},{"issue":"17","key":"key20230103043702_B52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00016-X","article-title":"Adaptive psychophysical procedures","volume":"35","year":"1995","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"key20230103043702_B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(97)00340-4","article-title":"Forced-choice staircases with fixed step sizes: asymptotic and small-sample properties","volume":"38","year":"1998","journal-title":"Vision Res"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B54","volume-title":"Psychophysics \u2013 A Practical Introduction","year":"2016","edition":"2nd"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20230103043702_B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1097\/MRR.0b013e328343d4d3","article-title":"Generic ABILHAND questionnaire can measure manual ability across a variety of motor impairments","volume":"34","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Rehabil Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"key20230103043702_B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1191\/0269215505cr832oa","article-title":"Reliability and validity of arm function assessment with standardized guidelines for the Fugl-Meyer Test, Action Research Arm Test and Box and Block Test: A multicentre study","volume":"19","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20230103043702_B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jht.2014.09.002","article-title":"Dexterity as measured with the 9-Hole Peg Test (9-HPT) across the age span","volume":"28","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Hand Ther"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6107(96)00009-0","article-title":"A framework for the analysis of mixed time series\/point process data \u2014 Theory and application to the study of physiological tremor, single motor unit discharges and electromyograms","volume":"64","year":"1995","journal-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol"},{"issue":"15","key":"key20230103043702_B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2901","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.2774","article-title":"Multiple linear regression with some correlated errors: classical and robust methods","volume":"26","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032315-021402","article-title":"Mediation analysis: A practitioner\u2019s guide","volume":"37","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"key20230103043702_B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-019-01131-8","article-title":"Causal mediation analysis could resolve whether training-induced increases in muscle strength are mediated by muscle hypertrophy","volume":"49","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sports Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"key20230103043702_B62","first-page":"1887","article-title":"Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: The R package \u2018Dagitty\u2019","volume":"45","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mps040","article-title":"Identification and sensitivity analysis for multiple causal mechanisms: Revisiting evidence from framing experiments","volume":"21","year":"2013","journal-title":"Political Analysis"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20230103043702_B64","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mediation: R package for causal mediation analysis","volume":"59","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2015.08.034","article-title":"Non-motor symptoms in essential tremor: a review of the current data and state of the field","volume":"22","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat Disord"},{"issue":"19","key":"key20230103043702_B66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp1707928","article-title":"Essential tremor","volume":"378","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl190","article-title":"Tremor amplitude is logarithmically related to 4- and 5-point tremor rating scales","volume":"129","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20230103043702_B68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2009.03.012","article-title":"The effect of inertial loading on wrist postural tremor in essential tremor","volume":"120","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20230103043702_B69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31827b1a54","article-title":"Temporal discrimination in patients with dystonia and tremor and patients with essential tremor","volume":"80","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.01190.2005","article-title":"Representation of object size in the somatosensory system","volume":"96","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurophysiol"},{"key":"key20230103043702_B71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3135","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2011.208447","article-title":"The fusimotor and reafferent origin of the sense of force and weight","volume":"589","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"key20230103043702_B72","article-title":"Impaired temporal processing of tactile and proprioceptive stimuli in cerebellar degeneration","volume":"8","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20230103043702_B73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.2.539","article-title":"Proprioception from a spinocerebellar perspective","volume":"81","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20230103043702_B74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2585","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4210-03.2004","article-title":"The functional neuroanatomy of temporal discrimination","volume":"24","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"key20230103043702_B75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00809.2021","article-title":"Proprioception: a new look at an old concept","volume":"132","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Appl Physiol"}],"container-title":["Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/jnl-up-j-tohm-files\/journals\/1\/articles\/731\/submission\/proof\/731-1-5463-1-10-20230103.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T10:41:06Z","timestamp":1782816066000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tremorjournal.org\/articles\/10.5334\/tohm.731\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5334\/tohm.731"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/tohm.731","relation":{},"ISSN":["2160-8288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2160-8288","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023]]},"article-number":"1"}}