{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T20:51:06Z","timestamp":1783111866703,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Ubiquity Press, Ltd.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]},"DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T09:20:33Z","timestamp":1714641633000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A Historical Overview of the Role of Benzodiazepines including Clonazepam in the Treatment of Adult Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep"],"prefix":"10.5334","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5143-7817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arthur S.","family":"Walters","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2914-9074","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen","family":"Spruyt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5598-636X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Djibril M.","family":"Ba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2617-6509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3285","reference":[{"key":"key20240502092019_B1","article-title":"Treating Restless Legs Syndrome was associated with low risk of cardiovascular disease: A cohort study with 3.4 years of follow up","volume":"10","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of the American Heart Association"},{"issue":"issue 3","key":"key20240502092019_B2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Benzodiazepines for restless legs syndrome (Review)","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"1","key":"key20240502092019_B3","first-page":"1","article-title":"A narrative review of the lesser known medications for treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome and pathogenetic implications for their use","volume":"13","year":"2023","journal-title":"Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40272-017-0262-0","article-title":"Pharmacological management of Restless Legs Syndrome and Periodic Limb Movement Disorder in children","volume":"20","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr Drugs"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder in children. UpToDate Literature review current through Dec 2023","year":"2023","journal-title":"Topic last updated"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/S1389-9457(02)00258-7","article-title":"International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group. Validation of the International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group Rating Scale for Restless Legs Syndrome","volume":"4","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2010.02.011","article-title":"Proposed dose equivalence between clonazepam and pramipexole in patients with restless legs syndrome","volume":"34","year":"2010","journal-title":"Progress in Neuro-psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6165","key":"key20240502092019_B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.6165.751","article-title":"Treatment of the restless legs syndrome with clonazepam","volume":"1","year":"1979","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.283.6296.885-a","article-title":"Clonazepam: effective treatment for restless legs syndrome in uraemia","volume":"283","year":"1981","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B10","first-page":"119","article-title":"Clonazepam treatment of insomnia due to sleep myoclonus","volume":"37","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ach Neurol"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1984.tb07826.x","article-title":"Clonazepam and vibration in restless legs syndrome","volume":"69","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"S","key":"key20240502092019_B12","first-page":"318","article-title":"Clinical and polygraphic study of 2 cases of \u201cnocturnal myoclonus\u201d sensitive to clonazepam","volume":"85","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.3.408","article-title":"Periodic leg movements in sleep: Effect of clonazepam treatment","volume":"35","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.12.1679","article-title":"Double-blind evaluation of clonazepam on periodic leg movements in sleep","volume":"50","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/9.3.385","article-title":"Nocturnal myoclonus: Treatment efficacy of clonazepam and temazepam","volume":"9","year":"1986","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410080322","article-title":"Successful treatment of restless legs syndrome with clonazepam","volume":"8","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100036350","article-title":"The treatment of the restless legs syndrome with clonazepam: A prospective controlled study","volume":"13","year":"1986","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.1.130","article-title":"Familial Restless Legs with Periodic Movements in Sleep: Electrophysiologic, biochemical and pharmacologic study","volume":"35","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B19","first-page":"727","article-title":"Periodic leg movements in sleep with restless legs syndrome: effect of clonazepam treatment","volume":"46","journal-title":"The Japanese Journal of Psychiatry and Neurology"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B20","first-page":"442","article-title":"Comparison of cognitive-behavioral therapy and clonazepam for treating periodic limb movement disorder","volume":"19","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-977X(01)00080-3","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder Acute placebo-controlled sleep laboratory studies with clonazepam","volume":"11","year":"2001","journal-title":"European Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.23565","article-title":"Dissociation of periodic leg movements from arousals in restless legs syndrome","volume":"71","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B23","first-page":"135","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, open-label study comparing the efficacy and safety of clonazepam versus nortriptyline on quality of life in 40+ years old women presenting with restless leg syndrome","volume":"9","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Midlife Health"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B24","first-page":"197","article-title":"Comparative efficacy and safety of clonazepam versus nortriptyline in restless leg syndrome among forty plus women: A prospective, open-label randomized study","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Midlife Health"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M139","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/45.4.M139","article-title":"The use of triazolam in older patients with periodic leg movements, fragmented sleep, and daytime sleepiness","volume":"45","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontology"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B26","first-page":"313","article-title":"Chronic use of triazolam in patients with periodic leg movements, fragmented sleep and daytime sleepiness","volume":"3","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B27","first-page":"284","article-title":"Triazolam diminishes daytime sleepiness and sleep fragmentation in patients with periodic leg movements in sleep","volume":"11","year":"1991","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B28","first-page":"214","article-title":"Possible efficacy of alprazolam in restless leg syndrome","volume":"8","year":"1986","journal-title":"Hillside J. Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100035794","article-title":"Nitrazepam for periodic movements in sleep (sleep-related myoclonus)","volume":"13","year":"1986","journal-title":"The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B30","first-page":"292","year":"2014","edition":"3rd"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B31","first-page":"51","year":"2020"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B32","article-title":"Antiseizure medications: Mechanism of action, pharmacology, and adverse effects","year":"2023","journal-title":"Literature review current through May"},{"issue":"10","key":"key20240502092019_B33","first-page":"1","article-title":"Benzodiazepine misuse in the elderly: Risk factors, consequences, and management","volume":"18","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)89493-4","article-title":"Long-term, nightly benzodiazepine treatment of injurious parasomnias and other disorders of disrupted nocturnal sleep in 170 adults","volume":"100","year":"1996","journal-title":"The American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B35","first-page":"1784 (1","article-title":"Benzodiazepine modulation of GABA A receptors: A mechanistic perspective","volume":"12","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.05.019","article-title":"Restless legs syndrome and central nervous system gamma-aminobutyric acid: preliminary associations with periodic limb movements in sleep and restless leg symptom severity","volume":"15","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sleep Medicine"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134494","article-title":"Thalamic GABA may modulate cognitive control in restless legs syndrome","volume":"712","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuroscience Letters"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1038\/s41397-018-0023-7","article-title":"Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors genes polymorphisms and risk for restless legs syndrome","volume":"18","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Pharmacogenomics Journal"},{"key":"key20240502092019_B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.05.035","article-title":"Acute increases in synaptic GABA detectable in the living human brain: a [11C] R015\u20134513 PET study","volume":"99","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"2","key":"key20240502092019_B40","first-page":"CD001908","article-title":"Tiagabine add-on for drug-resistant partial epilepsy","volume":"2014","year":"2014","journal-title":"Xoxhrante Databse Syst Rev"}],"container-title":["Tremor and Other Hyperkinetic Movements"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/storage.googleapis.com\/jnl-up-j-tohm-files\/journals\/1\/articles\/824\/663392d07d3ac.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,27]],"date-time":"2025-10-27T08:01:13Z","timestamp":1761552073000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/tremorjournal.org\/articles\/10.5334\/tohm.824\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.5334\/tohm.824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5334\/tohm.824","relation":{},"ISSN":["2160-8288"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2160-8288","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"article-number":"21"}}