{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T20:22:00Z","timestamp":1780604520810,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"Ubiquity Press, Ltd.","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TOHM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Dystonia is a common hyperkinetic movement disorder observed in various genetic, infective, drug-induced, and autoimmune disorders. Autoimmune disorders can present with isolated or combined acute or subacute dystonia. The pattern and approach to dystonia in autoimmune disorders are poorly described and have never been established in a structured manner.\nObjective: This scoping review aims to summarize all available clinical literature and formulate a pattern and approach to dystonia in different autoimmune disorders.\nMethods: We included one hundred and three articles in this scoping review. Most articles identified were case reports or case series.\nResults: In this review, we analysed data from 103 articles and summarized the epidemiological, clinical, and diagnostic features of dystonia associated with different autoimmune diseases. We highlight that dystonia can be isolated or combined in various autoimmune conditions and is responsive to immunotherapy. We point out the patterns of dystonia and associated neurological features and investigations that can suggest the underlying autoimmune nature, which can guide the most appropriate treatment.\nDiscussion: The clinical pattern of dystonia can be a unique feature in many autoimmune disorders. In isolated subacute dystonia, the presence of autoantibodies could have a temporal association, or this is just an epiphenomenon to be evaluated in further research.\nHighlights\n\nMany autoimmune disorders can present with isolated or combined dystonia.\nSubacute onset focal or segmental dystonia (craniocervical dystonia or limb dystonia) or hemidystonia could be secondary to an autoimmune condition and warrants investigations.\nThey have a relapsing or progressive course.\nThey usually have a good response to early immunotherapy.\nSymptomatic treatment, including botulinum toxin, can be useful in focal dystonia.\n<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T13:18:27Z","timestamp":1733491107000},"page":"60","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Decoding Dystonia in Autoimmune Disorders: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.5334","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8521-3686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Debayan","family":"Dutta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8016-9089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ravi","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"key20241206131824_B1","unstructured":"Jinnah HA, Hess, EJ. Evolving Concepts in the Pathogenesis of Dystonia. 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Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) Encephalitis in Children and Adolescents NIH Public Access Author Manuscript. Ann Neurol [Internet]. 2009; 66(1): 11\u20138. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC2826225\/pdf\/nihms-173684.pdf. 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The Spectrum of Movement Disorders in Anti-N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) Encephalitis Both in Children and Adults: An Experience From a Single Tertiary Care Center. Cureus [Internet]. 2021 Dec 13 [cited 2023 Jun 23]; 13(12). Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8752382\/. 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Available from: https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/. 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(Dallas, TX US). A unique phenotype associated with anti-GAD antibodies. Available from: https:\/\/www.mdsabstracts.org\/abstract\/a-unique-phenotype-associated-with-anti-gad-antibodies\/."},{"issue":"6","key":"key20241206131824_B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12800","article-title":"Anti\u2013Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase Encephalitis Presenting With Choreo-Dystonic Movements and Coexisting Electrographic Seizures","volume":"6","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mov Disord Clin Pract"},{"key":"key20241206131824_B49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.11.012","article-title":"Intrathecal-specific glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies at low titers in autoimmune neurological disorders","volume":"290","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"key20241206131824_B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McKeon A, Tracy JA. GAD65 Neurological Autoimmunity. 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