{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T11:44:32Z","timestamp":1782819872200,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Ubiquity Press, Ltd.","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIH","award":["R15NS087447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R15NS087447"]}]},{"name":"NSF","award":["1806056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1806056"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["TOHM"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: It is unclear which muscles contribute most to tremor and should therefore be targeted by tremor suppression methods. Previous studies used mathematical models to investigate how upper-limb biomechanics affect muscles\u2019 potential to generate tremor. These investigations yielded principles, but the models included at most only 15 muscles. Here we expand previous models to include 50 upper-limb muscles, simulate tremor propagation, and test the validity of the previously postulated principles.\nMethods: Tremor propagation was characterized using the gains between tremorogenic neural drive to the 50 muscles (inputs) and tremulous joint rotations in the 7 joint degrees-of-freedom (DOF) from shoulder to wrist (outputs). Each gain can be interpreted as the potential of a muscle to generate tremor in a DOF. Robustness and sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the effects of model parameter variability on gains.\nResults: Simulations of postural tremor using the expanded model confirmed the previously postulated principles and revealed new insights, including: 1) most of the muscles with the largest gains were among the 15 muscles in the original model; 2) some gains depended strongly on posture; 3) averaged across the postures included in this study, the largest gains belonged to input-output pairs involving biceps\/forearm\/wrist muscles and forearm\/wrist DOF, 4) although some shoulder and extrinsic hand muscles also exhibited large gains, especially in select postures.\nDiscussion: These observations suggest that in the absence of additional information (such as tremorogenic neural drive to muscles), peripheral tremor suppression efforts should start by targeting biceps\/forearm\/wrist muscles or forearm\/wrist DOF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.949","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T06:42:01Z","timestamp":1740465721000},"page":"7","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Potential of Individual Upper-Limb Muscles to Contribute to Postural Tremor: Simulations From Neural Drive to Joint Rotation"],"prefix":"10.5334","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6668-5557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Spencer A.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-4468-9101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Landon J.","family":"Beutler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0002-9255","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel B.","family":"Free","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7883-2697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Farina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4637-8482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven K.","family":"Charles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3285","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"key20250225114158_B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-013-0230-5","article-title":"The Treatment of Tremor","volume":"11","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"5","key":"key20250225114158_B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22838","article-title":"How Common Is the Most Common Adult Movement Disorder? 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