{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:55:57Z","timestamp":1777312557464,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Similar to several viruses, coronaviruses can affect the eye and cause conjunctivitis. In addition to ocular involvement, it causes systemic manifestations, mainly respiratory symptoms. However, conjunctivitis as the only sign and symptom of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rare presentation. We present a case of a 20-year-old male patient who presented with conjunctivitis for 3 days and diagnosed on the same day with COVID-19 without other manifestations. Conjunctivitis affected both eyes and resolved over 2 weeks with artificial tears only and without any ocular complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conjunctivitis can be the only sign and symptom of COVID-19 in some patients. Therefore, healthcare providers, particularly ophthalmologists, should take precautions when dealing with patients presenting with conjunctivitis amid the COVID-19 pandemic.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2021.31","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,2]],"date-time":"2021-09-02T03:31:09Z","timestamp":1630553469000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Conjunctivitis as the only sign and symptom of COVID-19: A case report and review of literature"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Hamzeh","family":"Mohammad Alrawashdeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Sharif Eye Centers, Irbid, Jordan E-mail: dr_hmsr@yahoo.com"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Al Zubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Surgeries, Faculty of medicine, Mutah University, Al Karak, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dina M.","family":"Abdulmannan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Al-Habahbeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Department, Ibn Al Haytham Hospital, Amman, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luai","family":"Abu-Ismail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3277","reference":[{"issue":"80:","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"7918\u201328","article-title":"Supramolecular architecture of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus revealed by electron cryomicroscopy","author":"Neuman\n \nBW\n,","year":"2006"},{"key":"CIT0002","article-title":"Coronaviruses. In: Richman D, Whitley R, Hayden F, editors,\u00a0Clinical virology. 4th ed. Washington, DC: ASM Press;","author":"Peiris\n \nJ\n,","year":"2017"},{"issue":"14:","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Front Med","first-page":"185\u201392","article-title":"Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection","author":"Zou\n \nX\n,","year":"2020"},{"issue":"36:","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Ophthal Res","first-page":"312\u201320","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of angiotensin-converting enzyme, angiotensin II and AT1 receptor in human ocular tissues","author":"Savaskan\n \nE\n,","year":"2004"},{"issue":"68:","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol","first-page":"1546\u201350","article-title":"Clinical profile and prevalence of conjunctivitis in mild COVID-19 patients in a tertiary care COVID-19 hospital: A retrospective cross-sectional study","author":"Sindhuja\n \nK\n,","year":"2020"},{"issue":"69:","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol","first-page":"488\u2013509","article-title":"COVID-19 and eye: a review of ophthalmic manifestations of COVID-19","author":"Sen\n \nM\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"310:","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1721\u20139","article-title":"Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment","author":"Azari\n \nAA\n,","year":"2013;"},{"issue":"93:","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"383\u20138","article-title":"Detecting SARS-CoV-2 RNA in conjunctival secretions: Is it a valuable diagnostic method of COVID-19","author":"G\u00fcemes-Villahoz\n \nN\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"28:","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflamm","first-page":"391\u20135","article-title":"Can the coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) affect the eyes? A review of coronaviruses and ocular implications in humans and animals","author":"Seah\n \nI\n,","year":"2020"},{"issue":"103:","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Clin Exp Optom","first-page":"418\u201324","article-title":"The ocular surface, coronaviruses and COVID-19","author":"Willcox\n \nMD\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"14:","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Clin Ophthalmol","first-page":"2701\u20138","article-title":"Assessment of coronavirus in the conjunctival tears and secretions in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Sohag Province, Egypt","author":"Mahmoud\n \nH\n,","year":"2020"},{"issue":"92:","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"589\u201394","article-title":"Evaluation of coronavirus in tears and conjunctival secretions of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Xia\n \nJ\n,","year":"2020"},{"key":"CIT0013","series-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol","article-title":"Ophthalmology-focused publications and findings on COVID-19: A systematic review [published online ahead of print, Feb 8 2021]","author":"Jin\n \nYP\n,"},{"issue":"98:","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Acta ophthalmol","first-page":"e388","article-title":"The possibility of COVID-19 transmission from eye to nose.","author":"Qing\n \nH\n,","year":"2020;"},{"key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Environ Chem Lett","first-page":"1\u201310","article-title":"Current understanding of the surface contamination and contact transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in healthcare settings [published online ahead of print, Feb 11 2021]","author":"Choi\n \nH\n,","year":"2021:"},{"issue":"43:","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"Cont Lens Anterior Eye","first-page":"211\u20132","article-title":"Corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) presenting as conjunctivitis: atypically high-risk during a pandemic","author":"Khavandi\n \nS\n,","year":"2020"},{"issue":"20:","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Ocul Immunol Inflam","first-page":"1\u20133","article-title":"Conjunctivitis related to not severe COVID-19: A case report","author":"Marquezan\n \nMC\n,","year":"2020"},{"issue":"24:","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol","article-title":"Conjunctivitis as sole symptom of COVID-19: A case report and review of literature","author":"Ozturker\n \nZK\n,","year":"2021"},{"issue":"258:","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol","article-title":"A child confirmed COVID-19 with only symptoms of conjunctivitis and eyelid dermatitis.","author":"Wu\n \nP\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"23:","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"Vis J Emerg Med","first-page":"100997","article-title":"Conjunctivitis as initial presenting symptom in a COVID-19 patient","author":"Eid\n \nMM\n,","year":"2021"},{"issue":"20:","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"ID Cases","first-page":"e00774","article-title":"Conjunctivitis can be the only presenting sign and symptom of COVID-19","author":"Scalinci\n \nSZ\n,","year":"2020"},{"issue":"80:","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"J Virol","first-page":"7918\u201328","article-title":"Supramolecular architecture of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus revealed by electron cryomicroscopy","author":"Neuman\n \nBW\n,","year":"2006"},{"key":"CIT0002","article-title":"Coronaviruses. 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