{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,2]],"date-time":"2026-08-02T03:17:12Z","timestamp":1785640632370,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterised by progressive cognitive decline due to neurodegeneration. Over activation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis, oxidative stress and inflammation potentially damage the neuronal system, affecting cognition.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Aim: This study aimed to assess the relationship between serum cortisol, Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and homocysteine (Hcy) levels in AD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: Case-Control observational study consisting of 71 patients with AD and 70 healthy controls above 60 years of age. Serum samples were analysed for cortisol, IL-6 and Hcy levels using chemiluminescence immunoassay (Immulite 1000) technique. Cognitive functions were measured using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) Score. AD subjects were categorised based on the modified Kuppuswamy socioeconomic status scale. Statistical evaluation was conducted using SPSS Statistics software. Group data were analysed using a two-tailed Student's t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), the Mann\u2013Whitney U test and Pearson's correlation test.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Results: Serum cortisol, IL-6 and Hcy levels were significantly increased (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) in AD (cortisol: 19.69\u00a0\u00b1\u00a08.96 ug\/dl; IL-6: 10.27\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.76 pg\/ml; Hcy: 23.29\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.81 \u03bcmol\/l), as compared with the controls (cortisol: 13.37\u00a0\u00b1\u00a05.59 ug\/dl; IL-6: 3.37\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.79 pg\/ml; Hcy: 8.25\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.36 \u03bcmol\/l). MMSE scores in AD were negatively correlated with cortisol, IL-6 and Hcy levels.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Serum cortisol, IL-6 and Hcy levels are independent biomarkers for AD progression. Hypercortisolaemia, hyperhomocysteinemia and inflammation play important roles in AD-related cognitive dysfunction and are interlinked.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2021.33","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T03:31:22Z","timestamp":1630985482000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Relationship between cortisol, Interleukin-6 and homocysteine in Alzheimer's disease"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2021","author":[{"given":"Neelam","family":"Yeram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Grant Government Medical College & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubhangi","family":"Dalvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Grant Government Medical College & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ranjit","family":"Mankeshwar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinayak","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vinayak","family":"Kale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, GGMC & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamlesh","family":"Jagiasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, GGMC & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leela","family":"Abichandani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Grant Government Medical College & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3277","reference":[{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Neuropsychiatry","first-page":"786\u201393","article-title":"The relationship between thyroid status, cortisol level, cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease","volume":"08","author":"Chang\n \nYS\n,","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"Med Sci Monit","first-page":"681\u20139","article-title":"Plasma cortisol in Alzheimer's disease with or without depressive symptoms","volume":"19","author":"Zve\u02c7r\u02c7ov\u00e1\n \nM\n,","year":"2013;"},{"issue":"423:","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Clin Chim Acta","first-page":"18\u201322","article-title":"High cortisol levels are associated with cognitive impairment no-dementia (CIND) and dementia","author":"Lara\n \nVP\n,","year":"2013;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"J Depress Ther","first-page":"25\u201331","article-title":"Basal serum cortisol levels, depression and medial temporal lobe atrophy in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"1","author":"Dhikav\n \nV\n,","year":"2016;"},{"issue":"2014:","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Sci World J","first-page":"8","article-title":"A possible change process of inflammatory cytokines in the prolonged chronic stress and its ultimate implications for health","author":"Tian\n \nR\n,","year":"2014;"},{"issue":"2012:","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Sci World J","first-page":"1\u201315","article-title":"A review: inflammatory process in Alzheimer's disease, role of cytokines","author":"Rubio-Perez\n \nJM\n,","year":"2012;"},{"issue":"2:","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"425\u20138","article-title":"Rapid review homocysteine and Alzheimer's disease rapid review","author":"Morris\n \nMS","year":"2003;"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"J Transl Neurosci","first-page":"26\u201330","article-title":"Homocysteine and Alzheimer's disease: a literature review","volume":"2","author":"Yang\n \nJ\n,","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"JSM Alzheimer's Dis Relat Dement","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia for Alzheimer's disease: risk factor, biomarker or both?","volume":"3","author":"Cacciapuoti\n \nF","year":"2016;"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Int Neuropsychiatr Dis J","first-page":"1\u20138","article-title":"Effect of donepezil and vitamin B12 supplement on serum thyroid profile in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"13","author":"Yeram\n \nN\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"5:","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"SSM Popul Health","first-page":"171\u20139","article-title":"Socioeconomic status, gender and dementia: the influence of work environment exposures and their interactions with APOE ?4","author":"Hasselgren\n \nC\n,","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"2018:","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Int J Alzheimers Dis","first-page":"8137464","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease mortality according to socioeconomic factors: country study","author":"T\u00f3th\n \nP\n,","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"J Fam Med Prim Care","first-page":"1846\u20139","article-title":"Socioeconomic status scales-modified Kuppuswamy and Udai Pareekh's scale updated for 2019","volume":"8","author":"Wani\n \nRT","year":"2019;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"BMC Neurosci","first-page":"5\u201310","article-title":"Higher levels of thyroxine may predict a favorable response to donepezil treatment in patients with Alzheimer disease: a prospective, case-control study","volume":"19","author":"Chang\n \nYS\n,","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Neurobiol Aging","first-page":"1519\u201325","article-title":"Association of homocysteine with hippocampal volume independent of cerebral amyloid and vascular burden","volume":"35","author":"Choe\n \nYM\n,","year":"2014;"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"959\u201361","article-title":"Low vitamin B-12 status in confirmed Alzheimer's disease as revealed by serum holotranscobalamin","volume":"74","author":"Refsum\n \nH\n,","year":"2003;"},{"issue":"(16):","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"J Hainan Med Univ","first-page":"114\u20137","article-title":"Effects of donepezil combined with folic acid and vitamin B12 on serum levels of inflammatory factors, HCY, NSE and neurotransmitters in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease complicated with hyperhomocysteinemia","volume":"23","author":"Zheng\n \nF\n,","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"1\u201311","article-title":"Plasma homocysteine and serum folate and vitamin B 12 levels in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study","volume":"9","author":"Ma\n \nF\n,","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Psychogeriatrics","first-page":"224\u201330","article-title":"Serum tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 and interleukin-6 levels in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"17","author":"Kim\n \nYS\n,","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord","first-page":"281\u20137","article-title":"Peripheral cytokines and chemokines in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"28","author":"Lee\n \nKS\n,","year":"2009;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"J Neuroimmunol","first-page":"97\u2013102","article-title":"Increased plasma levels of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and \u03b1-1-antichymotrypsin in patients with Alzheimer's disease: peripheral inflammation or signals from the brain?","volume":"103","author":"Licastro\n \nF\n,","year":"2000;"},{"issue":"(12):","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"Am J Psychiatry","first-page":"2164\u20139","article-title":"Plasma cortisol and progression of dementia in subjects with Alzheimer-type dementia","volume":"163","author":"Csernansky\n \nJG\n,","year":"2006;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med","first-page":"193\u20136","article-title":"Homocysteine, antioxidant vitamins and lipids as biomarkers of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease versus non-Alzheimer's dementia","volume":"23","author":"Raszewski\n \nG\n,","year":"2016;"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0024","series-title":"Alzheimers Dement","first-page":"535\u201362","article-title":"NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack Jr\n \nCR\n,","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Neuropsychiatry","first-page":"786\u201393","article-title":"The relationship between thyroid status, cortisol level, cognition and neuropsychiatric symptoms in patients with Alzheimer disease","volume":"08","author":"Chang\n \nYS\n,","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"Med Sci Monit","first-page":"681\u20139","article-title":"Plasma cortisol in Alzheimer's disease with or without depressive symptoms","volume":"19","author":"Zve\u02c7r\u02c7ov\u00e1\n \nM\n,","year":"2013;"},{"issue":"423:","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Clin Chim Acta","first-page":"18\u201322","article-title":"High cortisol levels are associated with cognitive impairment no-dementia (CIND) and dementia","author":"Lara\n \nVP\n,","year":"2013;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"J Depress Ther","first-page":"25\u201331","article-title":"Basal serum cortisol levels, depression and medial temporal lobe atrophy in patients with mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease","volume":"1","author":"Dhikav\n \nV\n,","year":"2016;"},{"issue":"2014:","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Sci World J","first-page":"8","article-title":"A possible change process of inflammatory cytokines in the prolonged chronic stress and its ultimate implications for health","author":"Tian\n \nR\n,","year":"2014;"},{"issue":"2012:","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Sci World J","first-page":"1\u201315","article-title":"A review: inflammatory process in Alzheimer's disease, role of cytokines","author":"Rubio-Perez\n \nJM\n,","year":"2012;"},{"issue":"2:","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"425\u20138","article-title":"Rapid review homocysteine and Alzheimer's disease rapid review","author":"Morris\n \nMS","year":"2003;"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"J Transl Neurosci","first-page":"26\u201330","article-title":"Homocysteine and Alzheimer's disease: a literature review","volume":"2","author":"Yang\n \nJ\n,","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"JSM Alzheimer's Dis Relat Dement","first-page":"1021","article-title":"Hyperhomocysteinemia for Alzheimer's disease: risk factor, biomarker or both?","volume":"3","author":"Cacciapuoti\n \nF","year":"2016;"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Int Neuropsychiatr Dis J","first-page":"1\u20138","article-title":"Effect of donepezil and vitamin B12 supplement on serum thyroid profile in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"13","author":"Yeram\n \nN\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"5:","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"SSM Popul Health","first-page":"171\u20139","article-title":"Socioeconomic status, gender and dementia: the influence of work environment exposures and their interactions with APOE ?4","author":"Hasselgren\n \nC\n,","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"2018:","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Int J Alzheimers Dis","first-page":"8137464","article-title":"Alzheimer's disease mortality according to socioeconomic factors: country study","author":"T\u00f3th\n \nP\n,","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"J Fam Med Prim Care","first-page":"1846\u20139","article-title":"Socioeconomic status scales-modified Kuppuswamy and Udai Pareekh's scale updated for 2019","volume":"8","author":"Wani\n \nRT","year":"2019;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"BMC Neurosci","first-page":"5\u201310","article-title":"Higher levels of thyroxine may predict a favorable response to donepezil treatment in patients with Alzheimer disease: a prospective, case-control study","volume":"19","author":"Chang\n \nYS\n,","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Neurobiol Aging","first-page":"1519\u201325","article-title":"Association of homocysteine with hippocampal volume independent of cerebral amyloid and vascular burden","volume":"35","author":"Choe\n \nYM\n,","year":"2014;"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry","first-page":"959\u201361","article-title":"Low vitamin B-12 status in confirmed Alzheimer's disease as revealed by serum holotranscobalamin","volume":"74","author":"Refsum\n \nH\n,","year":"2003;"},{"issue":"(16):","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"J Hainan Med Univ","first-page":"114\u20137","article-title":"Effects of donepezil combined with folic acid and vitamin B12 on serum levels of inflammatory factors, HCY, NSE and neurotransmitters in elderly patients with Alzheimer's disease complicated with hyperhomocysteinemia","volume":"23","author":"Zheng\n \nF\n,","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"1\u201311","article-title":"Plasma homocysteine and serum folate and vitamin B 12 levels in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a case-control study","volume":"9","author":"Ma\n \nF\n,","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Psychogeriatrics","first-page":"224\u201330","article-title":"Serum tumour necrosis factor-\u03b1 and interleukin-6 levels in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"17","author":"Kim\n \nYS\n,","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord","first-page":"281\u20137","article-title":"Peripheral cytokines and chemokines in Alzheimer's disease","volume":"28","author":"Lee\n \nKS\n,","year":"2009;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"J Neuroimmunol","first-page":"97\u2013102","article-title":"Increased plasma levels of interleukin-1, interleukin-6 and \u03b1-1-antichymotrypsin in patients with Alzheimer's disease: peripheral inflammation or signals from the brain?","volume":"103","author":"Licastro\n \nF\n,","year":"2000;"},{"issue":"(12):","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"Am J Psychiatry","first-page":"2164\u20139","article-title":"Plasma cortisol and progression of dementia in subjects with Alzheimer-type dementia","volume":"163","author":"Csernansky\n \nJG\n,","year":"2006;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"Ann Agric Environ Med","first-page":"193\u20136","article-title":"Homocysteine, antioxidant vitamins and lipids as biomarkers of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease versus non-Alzheimer's dementia","volume":"23","author":"Raszewski\n \nG\n,","year":"2016;"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0024","series-title":"Alzheimers Dement","first-page":"535\u201362","article-title":"NIA-AA research framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer's disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack Jr\n \nCR\n,","year":"2018;"}],"container-title":["Qatar Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/view\/journals\/qmj\/2021\/2\/article-33.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/qmj\/2021\/2\/article-33.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/qmj\/2021\/2\/article-33.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:21:13Z","timestamp":1777310473000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/view\/journals\/qmj\/2021\/2\/article-33.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021]]},"references-count":48,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5339\/qmj.2021.33","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-0426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-0426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}}}