{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:47:20Z","timestamp":1777312040319,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can present with various neuropsychiatric manifestations. This study reports on patients with COVID-19 who were referred to the consultation\u2013liaison (CL) psychiatry services in Qatar and compares the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of those diagnosed with delirium versus other psychiatric diagnoses. Methods: This is a retrospective review of the first 100 consecutive patients with COVID-19 who were referred to the CL services. Results: Within the total cohort (n=100), most patients (92%) were male, and the mean age was 46 years. About 27% of patients had asymptomatic COVID-19, 35% had a past psychiatric history, and 48% reported pandemic related psychosocial stress. Delirium was the most common psychiatric diagnosis (n=29), followed by acute stress reaction\/adjustment disorder, depression, mania, anxiety, non-affective psychosis, and dementia. Among patients with delirium, agitation was the most common symptom (76%), 86% were treated with psychotropic medications, and 17% died. Higher age, longer hospital stays, lower oxygen saturation, lower lymphocytic count, and higher C-reactive protein (CRP) values were significantly associated with delirium versus other psychiatric diagnoses. Higher age and lower oxygen saturations predicted delirium.Conclusion: Delirium was associated with a range of clinical variables and had significant mortality, despite the relatively young age of the patients. COVID-19 should be considered in patients presenting with delirium. Finally, early identification and management of delirium should be integral to COVID-19 protocols.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2022.28","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T04:30:32Z","timestamp":1656563432000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Characteristics of 100 consecutive patients with COVID-19 referred to consultation-liaison psychiatry services in Qatar: A comparison of patients with delirium versus other psychiatric diagnoses"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Yousaf","family":"Iqbal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar E-mail: yiqbal@hamad.qa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Majid","family":"Alabdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajeev","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Javed","family":"Latoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sultan","family":"Albrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychiatry Hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar E-mail: yiqbal@hamad.qa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ovais","family":"Wadoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3277","reference":[{"issue":"(10):","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Lancet Psychiatry","first-page":"875\u2013882.","article-title":"Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study","volume":"7","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"32:","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res","first-page":"2159\u20132166","article-title":"Delirium in COVID-19: epidemiology and clinical correlations in a large group of patients admitted to an academic hospital","volume":"2020;"},{"key":"CIT0003","series-title":"SN Compr Clin Med","first-page":"1\u20138","article-title":"Delirium in older people with COVID-19: clinical scenario and literature review"},{"issue":"7:","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Lancet Psychiatry","first-page":"932\u2013933","article-title":"Cunningham. Characterising neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with COVID-19","volume":"2020;"},{"key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Lancet Psychiatry","article-title":"Harrison. Bidirectional associations between covid-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62\u2013354 covid-19 cases in the USA","year":"2020"},{"issue":"65:","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Qatar Med J","article-title":"Mania and hypomania associated with COVID- 19: a series of 15 cases seen by the consultation- liaison psychiatry service in Qatar","volume":"2021;"},{"issue":"65:","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry","first-page":"47-53","article-title":"Delirium in COVID-19: a case series and exploration of potential mechanisms for central nervous system involvement","volume":"2020;"},{"issue":"(13):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1239\u20131242","article-title":"McGoogan. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention","volume":"323","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc","first-page":"1382-1384","article-title":"Alrashed, K. Alayed, K. Binkhamis, A. Alsharidi, et al. A unique presentation of delirium in a patient with otherwise asymptomatic COVID-19","volume":"68","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"50:","key":"CIT00010","series-title":"Age and Ageing","first-page":"1445\u20131453","article-title":"Prevalence, incidence and mortality of delirium in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis,","volume":"2021;"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"CIT00011","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e2029540","article-title":"Delirium in older patients with COVID-19 presenting to the emergency department","volume":"3","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"CIT00012","series-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc","first-page":"2440\u20132446","article-title":"Delirium and adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"68","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"CIT00013","series-title":"Qatar Med J","article-title":"One-year review of COVID-19 in the Arab World","volume":"2021","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"CIT00014","series-title":"BJPsych Open","first-page":"e109","article-title":"Psychiatric presentation of patients with acute SARS-CoV-2 infection: a retrospective review of 50 consecutive patients seen by a consultation-liaison psychiatry team","volume":"6","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"24:","key":"CIT00015","series-title":"Crit Care BioMed Central","first-page":"1\u201311","article-title":"Delirium and encephalopathy in severe COVID-19: a cohort analysis of ICU patients","volume":"2020;"},{"issue":"13:","key":"CIT00016","series-title":"Front Aging Neurosci","article-title":"Delirium: a marker of vulnerability in older people","volume":"2021;"},{"key":"CIT00017"},{"issue":"26:","key":"CIT00018","series-title":"EClinical-Medicine","article-title":"Prevalence and prognostic value of delirium as the initial presentation of COVID-19 in the elderly with dementia: an Italian retrospective study","volume":"2020;"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT00019","series-title":"Braz J Psychiatry","first-page":"650\u2013664","article-title":"Neurobiology of COVID-19: how can the virus affect the brain?","volume":"43","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"27:","key":"CIT00020","series-title":"Elsevier","article-title":"The spectrum of biochemical alterations associated with organ dysfunction and inflammatory status and their association with disease outcomes in severe COVID-19: a longitudinal cohort and time-series design study. EClinicalMedicine","volume":"2020;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT00021","series-title":"Mil Med Res","first-page":"1\u201310","article-title":"The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak\u2013an update on the status","volume":"7","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(13):","key":"CIT00022","series-title":"Int J Mol Sci","article-title":"Brain mechanisms of COVID-19-sleep disorders","volume":"22","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"142:","key":"CIT00023","series-title":"J Psychiatr Res","first-page":"361\u2013368","article-title":"Delirium is a good predictor for poor outcomes from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression","volume":"2021;"},{"issue":"(10):","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Lancet Psychiatry","first-page":"875\u2013882.","article-title":"Neurological and neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19 in 153 patients: a UK-wide surveillance study","volume":"7","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"32:","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res","first-page":"2159\u20132166","article-title":"Delirium in COVID-19: epidemiology and clinical correlations in a large group of patients admitted to an academic hospital","volume":"2020;"},{"key":"CIT0003","series-title":"SN Compr Clin Med","first-page":"1\u20138","article-title":"Delirium in older people with COVID-19: clinical scenario and literature review"},{"issue":"7:","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Lancet Psychiatry","first-page":"932\u2013933","article-title":"Cunningham. Characterising neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with COVID-19","volume":"2020;"},{"key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Lancet Psychiatry","article-title":"Harrison. Bidirectional associations between covid-19 and psychiatric disorder: retrospective cohort studies of 62\u2013354 covid-19 cases in the USA","year":"2020"},{"issue":"65:","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Qatar Med J","article-title":"Mania and hypomania associated with COVID- 19: a series of 15 cases seen by the consultation- liaison psychiatry service in Qatar","volume":"2021;"},{"issue":"65:","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry","first-page":"47-53","article-title":"Delirium in COVID-19: a case series and exploration of potential mechanisms for central nervous system involvement","volume":"2020;"},{"issue":"(13):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1239\u20131242","article-title":"McGoogan. 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