{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T03:19:31Z","timestamp":1790479171540,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: There is an increasing number of COVID-19-related Rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis (ROCM), especially from India.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objectives: To evaluate the demographic, clinical, radiological, and outcome of the COVID-19-related ROCM cases in a single center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Materials and Methods: The medical records of the patients with COVID-19-related ROCM were retrospectively reviewed. The study covered 22 months duration from March 2020 to December 2021 in Imam Hussain Medical City, Karbala city, Iraq.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Of the 14 patients with COVID-19-related ROCM, there were 71.4% males with a male-to-female ratio of 2.5:1. The median age was 61 years (age range: 27-80 years). There were 42.9% of patients with a history of being a current smoker. All patients had a history of DM, and 57.1% of patients had a history of hypertension. All patients were without a history of the previous episode of COVID-19 or taking the vaccine. The median duration from the COVID-19 diagnosis to the diagnosis of ROCM was 19 days (duration range of 10-40 days). Most of the cases were of severe type (57.1%). All of the patients were taking corticosteroid and oxygen therapy. Nasal obstruction, nasal discharge, cheek swelling, and necrotic tissue were clinical features in all patients. The majority of the cases were on the left side (71.4%). Stage 3 was found in 42.9%. Amphotericin B was used for all patients and surgical debridement in 13 cases. Five patients have died (35.7%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: COVID-19-related ROCM is an aggressive disease associated with a high mortality rate of 35.7%. Early diagnosis and on-time initiation of treatment are recommended to get the best outcome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2022.47","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,13]],"date-time":"2022-10-13T03:30:27Z","timestamp":1665631827000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["COVID-19-related Rhino-orbital-cerebral Mucormycosis"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Raid M.","family":"Al-Ani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Anbar, Anbar, Iraq. E-mail: med.raed.alani2003@uoanbar.edu.iq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid Mohsin","family":"Al Tameemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery\/Otolaryngology, Imam Hussein Medical City, Karbala, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3277","reference":[{"issue":"23","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg","first-page":"1","article-title":"Parosmia Due to COVID-19 Disease: A 268 Case Series","author":"Rashid\n\u00a0\nRA","year":"2021 May"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"Qatar Med J","first-page":"58","article-title":"COVID-19-related sudden sensorineural hearing loss","volume":"2021","author":"Yaseen\n\u00a0\nNK","year":"2021 Oct 25;"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"J Laryngol Otol","first-page":"442","article-title":"Post coronavirus disease mucormycosis: a deadly addition to the pandemic spectrum","volume":"135","author":"Sharma\n\u00a0\nS","year":"2021 May"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Med Mycol","first-page":"395","article-title":"A prospective multicenter study on mucormycosis in India: Epidemiology diagnosis, an treatment","volume":"57","author":"Prakash\n\u00a0\nH","year":"2019;"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr Clin Res Rev","first-page":"102146","article-title":"Mucormycosis in COVID-19: a systematic review of cases reported worldwide and in India","volume":"15","author":"Singh\n\u00a0\nAK","year":"2021"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"26","article-title":"The epidemiology and clinical manifestations of mucormycosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of case reports","volume":"25","author":"Jeong\n\u00a0\nW","year":"2019"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol","first-page":"2417","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis: a new addition to challenges in pandemic control","volume":"279","author":"Mitra\n\u00a0\nS","year":"2022 May"},{"issue":"7","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol","first-page":"1670","article-title":"Epidemiology, clinical profile, management, and outcome of COVID-19-associated rhino-orbital-cerebral mucormycosis in 2826 patients in India-Collaborative OPAI-IJO Study on Mucormycosis in COVID-19 (COSMIC), Report 1","volume":"69","author":"Sen\n\u00a0\nM","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Rev Iberoam Micol","first-page":"41","article-title":"Fungal co-infection in COVID-19 patients: Should we be concerned?","volume":"37","author":"Pem\u00e1n\n\u00a0\nJ","year":"2020"},{"issue":"8","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Mycoses","first-page":"798","article-title":"The double-edged sword of systemic corticosteroid therapy in viral pneumonia: A case report and comparative review of influenza-associated mucormycosis versus COVID-19 associated mucormycosis","volume":"64","author":"Ahmadikia\n\u00a0\nK","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg","first-page":"425","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 uncontrolled diabetes and corticosteroids-an unholy trinity in invasive fungal infections of the maxillofacial region? 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MUCORMYCOSIS IN BASRAH-IRAQ","volume":"23","author":"Al-Abbasi\n\u00a0\nAM","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"J Glob Sci Res","first-page":"1369","article-title":"Rhinocerebral mucormycosis as a COVID-19-related complication: a case report from Basra City Southern Iraq","volume":"6","author":"Farid\n\u00a0\nHA","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Nat Med","first-page":"601","article-title":"Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Nalbandian\n\u00a0\nA","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Otolaryngol Neck Surg","first-page":"714","article-title":"\u00a0<\u00a0? covid19?> Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction as an early identifier of COVID-19 in adults and children: an international multicenter study","volume":"163","author":"Qiu\n\u00a0\nC","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol","first-page":"1361","article-title":"Code mucor: guidelines for the diagnosis 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A retrospective multi-centric analysis","volume":"20","author":"Moorthy\n\u00a0\nA","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"J Fungi","first-page":"44","article-title":"Dental and Oral Manifestations of COVID-19 Related Mucormycosis: Diagnoses, Management Strategies and Outcomes","volume":"8","author":"Janjua\n\u00a0\nOS","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"247","article-title":"Histopathologic diagnosis of fungal infections in the 21st century","volume":"24","author":"Guarner\n\u00a0\nJ","year":"2011"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"60","article-title":"Early clinical and laboratory diagnosis of invasive pulmonary extrapulmonary, an disseminated mucormycosis (zygomycosis)","volume":"54","author":"Walsh\n\u00a0\nTJ","year":"2012 Feb"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Basrah J Surg","first-page":"9","article-title":"RHINO-ORBITO-CEREBRAL MUCORMYCOSIS IN BASRAH-IRAQ","volume":"23","author":"Al-Abbasi\n\u00a0\nAM","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"J Glob Sci Res","first-page":"1369","article-title":"Rhinocerebral mucormycosis as a COVID-19-related complication: a case report from Basra City Southern Iraq","volume":"6","author":"Farid\n\u00a0\nHA","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Nat Med","first-page":"601","article-title":"Post-acute COVID-19 syndrome","volume":"27","author":"Nalbandian\n\u00a0\nA","year":"2021"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Otolaryngol Neck Surg","first-page":"714","article-title":"\u00a0<\u00a0? covid19?> Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction as an early identifier of COVID-19 in adults and children: an international multicenter study","volume":"163","author":"Qiu\n\u00a0\nC","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol","first-page":"1361","article-title":"Code mucor: guidelines for the diagnosis staging an management of rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis in the setting of COVID-19","volume":"69","author":"Honavar\n\u00a0\nSG","year":"2021"},{"issue":"7","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect","first-page":"944","article-title":"A multicentre observational study on the epidemiology, risk factors, management and outcomes of mucormycosis in India","volume":"26","author":"Patel\n\u00a0\nA","year":"2020"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"J fungi","first-page":"46","article-title":"Mucormycosis: battle with the deadly enemy over a five-year period in India","volume":"4","author":"Chander\n\u00a0\nJ","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"J Fungi","first-page":"26","article-title":"Global epidemiology of mucormycosis","volume":"5","author":"Prakash\n\u00a0\nH","year":"2019"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"Neurol Sci","first-page":"799","article-title":"Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis during the COVID-19 third wave in 2021: an Egyptian preliminary report from a single tertiary hospital","volume":"43","author":"Alloush\n\u00a0\nTK","year":"2022"},{"issue":"7","key":"CIT0024","series-title":"J Fungi","first-page":"545","article-title":"Risk factors for fungal co-infections in critically ill COVID-19 patients, with a focus on immunosuppressants","volume":"7","author":"Ezeokoli\n\u00a0\nOT","year":"2021"},{"issue":"9","key":"CIT0025","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"2459","article-title":"Bacterial and fungal coinfection in individuals with coronavirus: a rapid review to support COVID-19 antimicrobial prescribing","volume":"71","author":"Rawson\n\u00a0\nTM","year":"2020"},{"issue":"15:","key":"CIT0026","series-title":"Clin Ophthalmol (Auckland NZ)","first-page":"3505","article-title":"Rhino-Orbito-Cerebral-Mucormycosis During the COVID-19 Second Wave in 2021\u2013A Preliminary Report from a Single Hospital","author":"Arora\n\u00a0\nR","year":"2021"},{"issue":"10","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Mycoses","first-page":"1238","article-title":"Mucormycosis in patients with COVID-19: a cross-sectional descriptive multicentre study from Iran","volume":"64","author":"Pakdel\n\u00a0\nF","year":"2021"},{"issue":"2021:","key":"CIT0028","series-title":"Neurol Sci","first-page":"11","article-title":"Rhino-orbito-cerebral mucormycosis during the COVID-19 third wave in 2021: an Egyptian preliminary report from a single tertiary hospital","author":"Alloush\n\u00a0\nTK"},{"issue":"2020","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"Front public Heal","first-page":"152","article-title":"Gender differences in patients with COVID-19: focus on severity and mortality","author":"Jin\n\u00a0\nJ-M"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0030","series-title":"Ital J Gender-Specific Med","first-page":"49","article-title":"Gender differences in COVID-19: some open questions","volume":"6","author":"Ruggieri\n\u00a0\nA","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"CIT0031","series-title":"J Mycol Med","first-page":"101007","article-title":"Mucormycosis treatment: Recommendations latest advances and perspectives","volume":"30","author":"Brunet\n\u00a0\nK","year":"2020"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0032","series-title":"Haematologica","first-page":"492","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis in patients with hematological malignancies: guidelines from the 3rd European Conference on Infections in Leukemia (ECIL 3)","volume":"98","author":"Skiada\n\u00a0\nA","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Qatar Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/view\/journals\/qmj\/2022\/4\/article-47.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/qmj\/2022\/4\/article-47.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/qmj\/2022\/4\/article-47.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:10:05Z","timestamp":1777309805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/view\/journals\/qmj\/2022\/4\/article-47.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5339\/qmj.2022.47","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-0426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-0426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}