{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:47:09Z","timestamp":1777312029223,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vitamin D is considered a potent modulator of the immune system, albeit its role in COVID-19 infection is a matter of debate. The present study aimed to estimate the association between serum vitamin D levels and COVID-19 among people in Qatar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: This case-control study, approved by the Institutional Review Board of Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC) Qatar, retrospectively evaluated the principal public healthcare sector population data repository retrieved from the cloud-based Electronic Health Record (EHR) software-Cerner, during April 2020\u20132021. The health records of all adult patients aged &gt;18 years who had undergone the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test and whose medical records had documented serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25 (OH)D] levels were analyzed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Results: A total of 924,173 EHRs were extracted, of which 62,451 EHR comprised of 16,446 (26.3%) COVID-19 patients and 46,005 (73.7%) negative-control group patients met the inclusion criteria. The odds ratio (OR) among different categories of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) revealed that people with mild\/moderate VDD were 1.18 times (95% CI 1.126\u20131.258) and those with severe VDD were 1.90 times (95% CI 1.116\u20131.251) more likely to have COVID-19 infection when compared to the people with optimal serum vitamin D level. On applying multiple logistic regression, the odds of having COVID-19 infection were found to be 1.27 times (95% CI 1.184\u20131.371) higher among those with mild\/moderate VDD and 1.32 times (95% CI 1.206\u20131.405) higher among those with severe VDD when compared to people with optimal vitamin D level (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: Our findings demonstrated a significant association between the suboptimal serum vitamin D level and COVID-19 infection. Further studies are required to determine the effects of VDD on the severity and outcomes of COVID-19 infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2022.48","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,3]],"date-time":"2022-12-03T09:30:51Z","timestamp":1670059851000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of Serum Vitamin D level and COVID-19 infection: A Case-control Study"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2022","author":[{"given":"Najat","family":"Abdrabbo AlYafei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Health Care Corporation, Qatar. Email & ORCID ID: nalyafei@phcc.gov.qa & https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8071-3646"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bushra Naaz","family":"Fathima Jaleel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Health Care Corporation, Qatar. Email & ORCID ID: nalyafei@phcc.gov.qa & https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8071-3646"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdel-Salam G.","family":"Abdel-Salam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathmatics, Statistics and Physics, College of Art and Sciences, Qatar unitversity, Doha, Box. 2713, Qatar."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hamda","family":"Ali Al-Saadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Health Care Corporation, Qatar. Email & ORCID ID: nalyafei@phcc.gov.qa & https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8071-3646"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samya Ahmad","family":"Al Abdulla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Health Care Corporation, Qatar. Email & ORCID ID: nalyafei@phcc.gov.qa & https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8071-3646"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3277","reference":[{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Global Health","first-page":"57","article-title":"Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Salari\n \nN\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"Pak J Med Sci","first-page":"1782\u20131787","article-title":"Predictors of psychological distress in health care staff in Qatar during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"37","author":"Latif\n \nF\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"14:","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag","first-page":"1737\u20131746","article-title":"Fear, anxiety, stress, and depression of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic among patients and their healthcare workers-a descriptive study","author":"Parchani\n \nA\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"899","article-title":"The correlation between serum selenium, zinc, and COVID-19 severity: an observational study","volume":"21","author":"Razeghi\n \nJahromi S\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(8):","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Eur J Epidemiol","first-page":"763\u2013773","article-title":"Anemia and iron metabolism in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Taneri\n \nPE\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Eur J Nutr","first-page":"2249\u20132257","article-title":"Possible association of vitamin D status with lung involvement and outcome in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study","volume":"60","author":"Abrishami\n \nA\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(9):","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e2019722","article-title":"Association of vitamin D status and other clinical characteristics with COVID-19 test results","volume":"3","author":"Meltzer\n \nDO\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res","first-page":"1195\u20131198","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality","volume":"32","author":"Ilie\n \nPC\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(17):","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"FEBS J","first-page":"3693\u20133702","article-title":"Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study","volume":"287","author":"Merzon\n \nE\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Trials","first-page":"802","article-title":"The effect of supplementation with vitamins A, B, C, D, and E on disease severity and inflammatory responses in patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Beigmohammadi\n \nMT\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Nutr J","first-page":"89","article-title":"Low vitamin D levels do not aggravate COVID-19 risk or death, and vitamin D supplementation does not improve outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis and GRADE assessment of cohort studies and RCTs","volume":"20","author":"Chen\n \nJ\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Transl Med Commun","first-page":"21","article-title":"Synergy of melanin and vitamin-D may play a fundamental role in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections and halt COVID-19 by inactivating furin protease","volume":"5","author":"Paria\n \nK\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"450","article-title":"Lack of association between vitamin D insufficiency and clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 infection","volume":"21","author":"Davoudi\n \nA\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(8):","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e029334","article-title":"Vitamin D status among adults (18-65 years old) attending primary healthcare centres in Qatar: a cross-sectional analysis of the Electronic Medical Records for the year 2017","volume":"9","author":"Zainel\n \nAAL\n,","year":"2019;"},{"key":"CIT0015"},{"key":"CIT0016"},{"key":"CIT0017"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Heart Views","first-page":"129\u2013132","article-title":"Qatar's response to COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"21","author":"Al\n \nKhal A\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Qatar Med J","first-page":"57","article-title":"Epidemiological health assessment in primary healthcare in the State of Qatar-2019","volume":"2021","author":"Al-Kuwari\n \nMG\n,","year":"2021;"},{"key":"CIT0020"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"J Pharmacol Pharmacother","first-page":"118\u201326","article-title":"Vitamin D: The \u201csunshine\u201d vitamin","volume":"3","author":"Nair\n \nR\n,","year":"2012;"},{"issue":"357:","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"266\u2013281","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","author":"Holick\n \nMF","year":"2007;"},{"issue":"(9):","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"2879","article-title":"Immune modulatory effects of vitamin D on viral infections","volume":"12","author":"Siddiqui\n \nM\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0024","series-title":"Immunol Cell Biol","first-page":"43\u201345","article-title":"Of cascades and perfect storms: the immunopathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever-dengue shock syndrome (DHF\/DSS)","volume":"85","author":"Pang\n \nT\n,","year":"2007;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0025","series-title":"J Transl Int Med","first-page":"15\u201321","article-title":"Importance of studying the levels of hepcidin and vitamin D in Egyptian children with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"7","author":"Mohamed\n \nAA\n,","year":"2019;"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"CIT0026","series-title":"Intern Emerg Med","first-page":"735\u2013737","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency predictor of complications development in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis?","volume":"14","author":"Licata\n \nA\n,","year":"2019;"},{"issue":"(10):","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"AIDS (Lond Engl)","first-page":"1305\u20131315","article-title":"Vitamin D and clinical disease progression in HIV infection: results from the EuroSIDA study","volume":"25","author":"Viard\n \nJP\n,","year":"2011;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0028","series-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord","first-page":"21\u201329","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism and signaling in the immune system","volume":"13","author":"White\n \nJH","year":"2012;"},{"issue":"11:","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"Front Pharmacol","first-page":"595888","article-title":"Role of endolysosomes in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection and coronavirus disease 2019 pathogenesis: implications for potential treatments","author":"Khan\n \nN\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"97:","key":"CIT0030","series-title":"Int Immunopharmacol","first-page":"107686","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection: an update","author":"Shah\n \nAlam M\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(9):","key":"CIT0031","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"5285\u20135294","article-title":"Vitamin D and COVID-19: role of ACE2, age, gender, and ethnicity","volume":"93","author":"Getachew\n \nB\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"9:","key":"CIT0032","series-title":"Front Public Health","first-page":"624559","article-title":"The impact of vitamin D level on COVID-19 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Teshome\n \nA\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"75:","key":"CIT0033","series-title":"Int J Clin Pract","first-page":"e14675","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in the age of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Ghasemian\n \nR\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"68:","key":"CIT0034","series-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)","first-page":"102661","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19: A case-control study at a tertiary care hospital in India","author":"Nimavat\n \nN\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0035","series-title":"J Nutr","first-page":"98\u2013103","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with COVID-19 incidence and disease severity in Chinese people","volume":"151","author":"Luo\n \nX\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"93:","key":"CIT0036","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"1\u20136","article-title":"The association between the level of serum 25(OH) vitamin D, obesity, and underlying diseases with the risk of developing COVID-19 infection: a case-control study of hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran","author":"Abdollahi\n \nA\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"13:","key":"CIT0037","series-title":"J Am Coll Nutr","first-page":"1\u20138","article-title":"Does serum vitamin level affect COVID-19 infection and its severity?-A case-control study","author":"Ye\n \nK\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"20:","key":"CIT0038","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"1\u201311","article-title":"Vitamin D status in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez\n \nJL\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"44:","key":"CIT0039","series-title":"J Endocrinol. Investig","first-page":"765\u2013771","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19","author":"Carpagnano\n \nGE\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0040","series-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","first-page":"875\u2013886","article-title":"Vitamin D status is associated with in-hospital mortality and mechanical ventilation: a cohort of COVID-19 hospitalized patients","volume":"96","author":"Angelidi\n \nAM\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"212:","key":"CIT0041","series-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol","first-page":"105928","article-title":"The relationship between 25(OH) Vitamin D levels and COVID-19 onset and disease course in Spanish patients","author":"Diaz-Curiel\n \nM\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0042","series-title":"Eur J Nutr","first-page":"545\u2013548","article-title":"Vitamin D and COVID-19 infection and mortality in UK Biobank","volume":"60","author":"Hastie\n \nCE\n,","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0043","series-title":"Environ Sci Technol","first-page":"3730\u20133732","article-title":"An imperative need for research on the role of environmental factors in transmission of novel coronavirus (COVID-19)","volume":"54","author":"Qu\n \nG\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Global Health","first-page":"57","article-title":"Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Salari\n \nN\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"Pak J Med Sci","first-page":"1782\u20131787","article-title":"Predictors of psychological distress in health care staff in Qatar during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"37","author":"Latif\n \nF\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"14:","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Psychol Res Behav Manag","first-page":"1737\u20131746","article-title":"Fear, anxiety, stress, and depression of novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic among patients and their healthcare workers-a descriptive study","author":"Parchani\n \nA\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"899","article-title":"The correlation between serum selenium, zinc, and COVID-19 severity: an observational study","volume":"21","author":"Razeghi\n \nJahromi S\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(8):","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Eur J Epidemiol","first-page":"763\u2013773","article-title":"Anemia and iron metabolism in COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"35","author":"Taneri\n \nPE\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Eur J Nutr","first-page":"2249\u20132257","article-title":"Possible association of vitamin D status with lung involvement and outcome in patients with COVID-19: a retrospective study","volume":"60","author":"Abrishami\n \nA\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(9):","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"JAMA Netw Open","first-page":"e2019722","article-title":"Association of vitamin D status and other clinical characteristics with COVID-19 test results","volume":"3","author":"Meltzer\n \nDO\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Aging Clin Exp Res","first-page":"1195\u20131198","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality","volume":"32","author":"Ilie\n \nPC\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(17):","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"FEBS J","first-page":"3693\u20133702","article-title":"Low plasma 25(OH) vitamin D level is associated with increased risk of COVID-19 infection: an Israeli population-based study","volume":"287","author":"Merzon\n \nE\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Trials","first-page":"802","article-title":"The effect of supplementation with vitamins A, B, C, D, and E on disease severity and inflammatory responses in patients with COVID-19: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"22","author":"Beigmohammadi\n \nMT\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Nutr J","first-page":"89","article-title":"Low vitamin D levels do not aggravate COVID-19 risk or death, and vitamin D supplementation does not improve outcomes in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a meta-analysis and GRADE assessment of cohort studies and RCTs","volume":"20","author":"Chen\n \nJ\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Transl Med Commun","first-page":"21","article-title":"Synergy of melanin and vitamin-D may play a fundamental role in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections and halt COVID-19 by inactivating furin protease","volume":"5","author":"Paria\n \nK\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"450","article-title":"Lack of association between vitamin D insufficiency and clinical outcomes of patients with COVID-19 infection","volume":"21","author":"Davoudi\n \nA\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(8):","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"BMJ Open","first-page":"e029334","article-title":"Vitamin D status among adults (18-65 years old) attending primary healthcare centres in Qatar: a cross-sectional analysis of the Electronic Medical Records for the year 2017","volume":"9","author":"Zainel\n \nAAL\n,","year":"2019;"},{"key":"CIT0015"},{"key":"CIT0016"},{"key":"CIT0017"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Heart Views","first-page":"129\u2013132","article-title":"Qatar's response to COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"21","author":"Al\n \nKhal A\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Qatar Med J","first-page":"57","article-title":"Epidemiological health assessment in primary healthcare in the State of Qatar-2019","volume":"2021","author":"Al-Kuwari\n \nMG\n,","year":"2021;"},{"key":"CIT0020"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"J Pharmacol Pharmacother","first-page":"118\u201326","article-title":"Vitamin D: The \u201csunshine\u201d vitamin","volume":"3","author":"Nair\n \nR\n,","year":"2012;"},{"issue":"357:","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"266\u2013281","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","author":"Holick\n \nMF","year":"2007;"},{"issue":"(9):","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"2879","article-title":"Immune modulatory effects of vitamin D on viral infections","volume":"12","author":"Siddiqui\n \nM\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0024","series-title":"Immunol Cell Biol","first-page":"43\u201345","article-title":"Of cascades and perfect storms: the immunopathogenesis of dengue haemorrhagic fever-dengue shock syndrome (DHF\/DSS)","volume":"85","author":"Pang\n \nT\n,","year":"2007;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0025","series-title":"J Transl Int Med","first-page":"15\u201321","article-title":"Importance of studying the levels of hepcidin and vitamin D in Egyptian children with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"7","author":"Mohamed\n \nAA\n,","year":"2019;"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"CIT0026","series-title":"Intern Emerg Med","first-page":"735\u2013737","article-title":"Is vitamin D deficiency predictor of complications development in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis?","volume":"14","author":"Licata\n \nA\n,","year":"2019;"},{"issue":"(10):","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"AIDS (Lond Engl)","first-page":"1305\u20131315","article-title":"Vitamin D and clinical disease progression in HIV infection: results from the EuroSIDA study","volume":"25","author":"Viard\n \nJP\n,","year":"2011;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0028","series-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord","first-page":"21\u201329","article-title":"Vitamin D metabolism and signaling in the immune system","volume":"13","author":"White\n \nJH","year":"2012;"},{"issue":"11:","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"Front Pharmacol","first-page":"595888","article-title":"Role of endolysosomes in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 infection and coronavirus disease 2019 pathogenesis: implications for potential treatments","author":"Khan\n \nN\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"97:","key":"CIT0030","series-title":"Int Immunopharmacol","first-page":"107686","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection: an update","author":"Shah\n \nAlam M\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(9):","key":"CIT0031","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"5285\u20135294","article-title":"Vitamin D and COVID-19: role of ACE2, age, gender, and ethnicity","volume":"93","author":"Getachew\n \nB\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"9:","key":"CIT0032","series-title":"Front Public Health","first-page":"624559","article-title":"The impact of vitamin D level on COVID-19 infection: systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Teshome\n \nA\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"75:","key":"CIT0033","series-title":"Int J Clin Pract","first-page":"e14675","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in the age of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Ghasemian\n \nR\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"68:","key":"CIT0034","series-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)","first-page":"102661","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and COVID-19: A case-control study at a tertiary care hospital in India","author":"Nimavat\n \nN\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0035","series-title":"J Nutr","first-page":"98\u2013103","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency is associated with COVID-19 incidence and disease severity in Chinese people","volume":"151","author":"Luo\n \nX\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"93:","key":"CIT0036","series-title":"J Med Virol","first-page":"1\u20136","article-title":"The association between the level of serum 25(OH) vitamin D, obesity, and underlying diseases with the risk of developing COVID-19 infection: a case-control study of hospitalized patients in Tehran, Iran","author":"Abdollahi\n \nA\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"13:","key":"CIT0037","series-title":"J Am Coll Nutr","first-page":"1\u20138","article-title":"Does serum vitamin level affect COVID-19 infection and its severity?-A case-control study","author":"Ye\n \nK\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"20:","key":"CIT0038","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"1\u201311","article-title":"Vitamin D status in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez\n \nJL\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"44:","key":"CIT0039","series-title":"J Endocrinol. Investig","first-page":"765\u2013771","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency as a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with acute respiratory failure due to COVID-19","author":"Carpagnano\n \nGE\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0040","series-title":"Mayo Clin Proc","first-page":"875\u2013886","article-title":"Vitamin D status is associated with in-hospital mortality and mechanical ventilation: a cohort of COVID-19 hospitalized patients","volume":"96","author":"Angelidi\n \nAM\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"212:","key":"CIT0041","series-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol","first-page":"105928","article-title":"The relationship between 25(OH) Vitamin D levels and COVID-19 onset and disease course in Spanish patients","author":"Diaz-Curiel\n \nM\n,","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0042","series-title":"Eur J Nutr","first-page":"545\u2013548","article-title":"Vitamin D and COVID-19 infection and mortality in UK Biobank","volume":"60","author":"Hastie\n \nCE\n,","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0043","series-title":"Environ Sci Technol","first-page":"3730\u20133732","article-title":"An imperative need for research on the role of environmental factors in transmission of novel coronavirus (COVID-19)","volume":"54","author":"Qu\n \nG\n,","year":"2020;"}],"container-title":["Qatar Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/view\/journals\/qmj\/2022\/4\/article-48.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/qmj\/2022\/4\/article-48.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/qmj\/2022\/4\/article-48.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:10:08Z","timestamp":1777309808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/view\/journals\/qmj\/2022\/4\/article-48.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022]]},"references-count":86,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5339\/qmj.2022.48","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-0426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-0426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}}}