{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:57:06Z","timestamp":1792447026814,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Neonatal sepsis (NS) is a major healthcare burden in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, with a prevalence higher than the global average. Microbial drug resistance has major implications for mortality and morbidity from NS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Objective: To synthesize data regarding the patterns of causative bacteria of NS in the GCC and their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: Following the exploration of four electronic databases, i.e., EBSCOhost, ProQuest, PubMed\/MEDLINE, and ScienceDirect, eligible studies were identified (i.e., published between 2013 and 2023 and reported bacterial profile and\/or antimicrobial susceptibility patterns). The outcomes included the pooled prevalence of bacteria and their susceptibility patterns. Proportion meta-analysis was performed for each outcome of interest.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Results: Fifteen studies were eligible (total positive cases = 2,473). Coagulase-negative\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococci<\/jats:italic>\n                    (CoNS) (28.1%) were the most common gram-positive causative pathogen, followed by group B\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (GBS) (16.2%) and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (9.9%); for gram-negative,\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (12.7%) and\n                    <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species (11.4%) were most common. The susceptibility rates of these bacteria to first-line antibiotics were high; gram-positive bacteria had the highest susceptibility to ampicillin (72.8\u201398%), and gram-negative bacteria was most susceptible to amikacin (94.6\u201398%). Additionally, both gram-positive (67\u201377%) and negative (87\u201393%) bacteria exhibited high susceptibility to gentamicin.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusion: The most common pathogens among NS patients were gram-positive. The pathogens, irrespective of stain test, were susceptible to the current antibiotic therapy. We recommend the judicious use of empirical antibiotic therapy to prevent the growing risk of antimicrobial resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2024.62","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,12]],"date-time":"2024-11-12T08:30:38Z","timestamp":1731400238000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Bacterial profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of common neonatal sepsis pathogens in Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2024","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0242-9452","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Muhammad Candragupta","family":"Jihwaprani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9522-2786","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Idris","family":"Sula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Al Bukaryiah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-9398-3160","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Coha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Al Bukaryiah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1975-6265","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Alhebshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Al Bukaryiah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3785-5294","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Alsamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Al Bukaryiah, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Sulaiman Al Habib Medical, Group, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1685-8653","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ahmad M.","family":"Hassaneen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Sciences, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Al Bukaryiah, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt*Correspondence: Nazmus Saquib a.saquib@sr.edu.sa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3621-6738","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mateq Ali","family":"Alreshidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Sciences, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Al Bukaryiah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2819-2839","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nazmus","family":"Saquib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Sulaiman Al Rajhi University, Al Bukaryiah, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3277","reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Front Public Health","first-page":"1139832","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality of neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections, 1990\u20132019","volume":"11","author":"Li\n \nJ","year":"2023;"},{"key":"CIT0002","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"11\u201315","article-title":"Culture-proven early-onset neonatal sepsis in Arab states in the Gulf region: Two-year prospective study","volume":"55","author":"Hammoud\n \nMS","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"J Paediatr Child Health","first-page":"604\u20139","article-title":"Incidence, aetiology and resistance of late-onset neonatal sepsis: A five-year prospective study","volume":"48","author":"Hammoud\n \nMS","year":"2012;"},{"issue":"(10100):","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1151\u2013210","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(9966):","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"430\u201340","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000\u20132013, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: An updated systematic analysis","volume":"385","author":"Liu\n \nL","year":"2015;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Vaccine","first-page":"12\u20139","article-title":"Prognostic factors of neonatal sepsis mortality in developing country","volume":"30","author":"Rasyida\n \nIA","year":"2023;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Pediatr Neonatol","first-page":"35\u201341","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and epidemiology of sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit in the era of multi-drug resistant organisms: A retrospective review","volume":"59","author":"Yusef\n \nD","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect","first-page":"531\u20139","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection among neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit at a medical center in central Taiwan","volume":"48","author":"Wei\n \nH-M","year":"2015;"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"J Clin Neonatol","first-page":"124\u201330","article-title":"Trends in incidence of neonatal sepsis and antibiotic susceptibility of causative agents in two neonatal intensive care units in Tehran, I.R Iran","volume":"1","author":"Afsharpaiman\n \nS","year":"2012;"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Arch Dis Child","first-page":"639\u201347","article-title":"Neonatal early onset sepsis in Middle Eastern countries: A systematic review","volume":"105","author":"Khalil\n \nN","year":"2020;"},{"key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep.)","first-page":"1\u2013475","article-title":"Closing the quality gap: Revisiting the state of the science (vol. 3: quality improvement interventions to address health disparities)","volume":"(208.3)","author":"McPheeters\n \nML","year":"2012"},{"key":"CIT0012","article-title":"The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses","author":"Wells\n \nGA"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"J Nat Sc Biol Med","first-page":"32\u20139","article-title":"Utility of cytokine, adhesion molecule and acute phase proteins in early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis","volume":"8","author":"Fattah\n \nMA","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Int J Adv Res","first-page":"1713\u201320","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia","volume":"4","author":"Alrafiaah\n \nA","year":"2016;"},{"issue":"(8):","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)","first-page":"1425","article-title":"Blood biomarkers of neonatal sepsis with special emphasis on the monocyte distribution width value as an early sepsis index","volume":"59","author":"Mubaraki\n \nMA","year":"2023;"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries","first-page":"388\u201393","article-title":"Evaluation of recent methods versus conventional methods for diagnosis of early-onset neonatal sepsis","volume":"9","author":"Al-Zahrani\n \nAK","year":"2015;"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Bahrain Med Bull","first-page":"78\u201381","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis: A two-year review of the antibiograms of clinical isolates from the neonatal unit","volume":"39","author":"Al Mannaei\n \nL","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"J Infect Public Health","first-page":"1630\u20134","article-title":"Methicillin and multidrug resistant pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus associated sepsis in hospitalized neonatal infections and antibiotic susceptibility","volume":"14","author":"Alarjani\n \nKM","year":"2021;"},{"key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"125\u201330","article-title":"Late-onset neonatal sepsis in Arab states in the Gulf region: Two-year prospective study","volume":"55","author":"Hammoud\n \nMS","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"J Taibah Univ Med Sci","first-page":"509\u201314","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors associated with early onset neonatal sepsis in the south of KSA","volume":"15","author":"Almudeer\n \nAH","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"BMC Pediatrics","first-page":"197","article-title":"Suspected clinical chorioamnionitis with peak intrapartum temperature <380C: The prevalence of confirmed chorioamnionitis and short term neonatal outcome","volume":"22","author":"Vellamgot\n \nAP","year":"2022;"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"Pediatr Qual Saf","first-page":"e239","article-title":"A neonatal unit experience with empiric antibiotics for late-onset neonatal sepsis: A retrospective study","volume":"4","author":"Al-Mouqdad\n \nMM","year":"2019;"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"J Infect Public Health","first-page":"643\u20137","article-title":"Association between the timing of antibiotics administration and outcome of neonatal sepsis","volume":"15","author":"Al-Matary\n \nA","year":"2022;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0024","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e21107","article-title":"Common bacterial isolates associated with neonatal sepsis and their antimicrobial profile: A retrospective study at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Alharbi\n \nAS","year":"2022;"},{"key":"CIT0025","series-title":"Front Pediatr","first-page":"1259558","article-title":"Preterm infants with positive conjunctival swab culture: Risk factors and association with late-onset sepsis-A retrospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Gad\n \nA","year":"2023;"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"CIT0026","series-title":"J Infect and Public Health","first-page":"666\u201372","article-title":"Characteristics of neonatal sepsis at a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"Al-Matary\n \nA","year":"2019;"},{"key":"CIT0027","article-title":"Protocol for screening and management of suspected neonatal sepsis","year":"2019"},{"key":"CIT0028","series-title":"Neonatal infection: Antibiotics for prevention and treatment","article-title":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2024"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"Neoreviews","first-page":"738\u201355","article-title":"Updates in late-onset sepsis: Risk assessment, therapy, and outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Coggins\n \nSA","year":"2022;"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0030","series-title":"Oman Med J","first-page":"302\u20137","article-title":"Outcome of late-onset neonatal sepsis at a tertiary hospital in Oman","volume":"34","author":"Abdellatif\n \nM","year":"2019;"},{"key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Front Public Health","first-page":"1139832","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence and mortality of neonatal sepsis and other neonatal infections, 1990\u20132019","volume":"11","author":"Li\n \nJ","year":"2023;"},{"key":"CIT0002","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"11\u201315","article-title":"Culture-proven early-onset neonatal sepsis in Arab states in the Gulf region: Two-year prospective study","volume":"55","author":"Hammoud\n \nMS","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"J Paediatr Child Health","first-page":"604\u20139","article-title":"Incidence, aetiology and resistance of late-onset neonatal sepsis: A five-year prospective study","volume":"48","author":"Hammoud\n \nMS","year":"2012;"},{"issue":"(10100):","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1151\u2013210","article-title":"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980\u20132016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(9966):","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"430\u201340","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000\u20132013, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: An updated systematic analysis","volume":"385","author":"Liu\n \nL","year":"2015;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Pediatr Infect Vaccine","first-page":"12\u20139","article-title":"Prognostic factors of neonatal sepsis mortality in developing country","volume":"30","author":"Rasyida\n \nIA","year":"2023;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Pediatr Neonatol","first-page":"35\u201341","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and epidemiology of sepsis in the neonatal intensive care unit in the era of multi-drug resistant organisms: A retrospective review","volume":"59","author":"Yusef\n \nD","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect","first-page":"531\u20139","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection among neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit at a medical center in central Taiwan","volume":"48","author":"Wei\n \nH-M","year":"2015;"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"J Clin Neonatol","first-page":"124\u201330","article-title":"Trends in incidence of neonatal sepsis and antibiotic susceptibility of causative agents in two neonatal intensive care units in Tehran, I.R Iran","volume":"1","author":"Afsharpaiman\n \nS","year":"2012;"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Arch Dis Child","first-page":"639\u201347","article-title":"Neonatal early onset sepsis in Middle Eastern countries: A systematic review","volume":"105","author":"Khalil\n \nN","year":"2020;"},{"key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep.)","first-page":"1\u2013475","article-title":"Closing the quality gap: Revisiting the state of the science (vol. 3: quality improvement interventions to address health disparities)","volume":"(208.3)","author":"McPheeters\n \nML","year":"2012"},{"key":"CIT0012","article-title":"The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses","author":"Wells\n \nGA"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"J Nat Sc Biol Med","first-page":"32\u20139","article-title":"Utility of cytokine, adhesion molecule and acute phase proteins in early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis","volume":"8","author":"Fattah\n \nMA","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Int J Adv Res","first-page":"1713\u201320","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis in a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia","volume":"4","author":"Alrafiaah\n \nA","year":"2016;"},{"issue":"(8):","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)","first-page":"1425","article-title":"Blood biomarkers of neonatal sepsis with special emphasis on the monocyte distribution width value as an early sepsis index","volume":"59","author":"Mubaraki\n \nMA","year":"2023;"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries","first-page":"388\u201393","article-title":"Evaluation of recent methods versus conventional methods for diagnosis of early-onset neonatal sepsis","volume":"9","author":"Al-Zahrani\n \nAK","year":"2015;"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Bahrain Med Bull","first-page":"78\u201381","article-title":"Neonatal sepsis: A two-year review of the antibiograms of clinical isolates from the neonatal unit","volume":"39","author":"Al Mannaei\n \nL","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"J Infect Public Health","first-page":"1630\u20134","article-title":"Methicillin and multidrug resistant pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus associated sepsis in hospitalized neonatal infections and antibiotic susceptibility","volume":"14","author":"Alarjani\n \nKM","year":"2021;"},{"key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Int J Infect Dis","first-page":"125\u201330","article-title":"Late-onset neonatal sepsis in Arab states in the Gulf region: Two-year prospective study","volume":"55","author":"Hammoud\n \nMS","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"J Taibah Univ Med Sci","first-page":"509\u201314","article-title":"Epidemiology and risk factors associated with early onset neonatal sepsis in the south of KSA","volume":"15","author":"Almudeer\n \nAH","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"BMC Pediatrics","first-page":"197","article-title":"Suspected clinical chorioamnionitis with peak intrapartum temperature <380C: The prevalence of confirmed chorioamnionitis and short term neonatal outcome","volume":"22","author":"Vellamgot\n \nAP","year":"2022;"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"Pediatr Qual Saf","first-page":"e239","article-title":"A neonatal unit experience with empiric antibiotics for late-onset neonatal sepsis: A retrospective study","volume":"4","author":"Al-Mouqdad\n \nMM","year":"2019;"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"J Infect Public Health","first-page":"643\u20137","article-title":"Association between the timing of antibiotics administration and outcome of neonatal sepsis","volume":"15","author":"Al-Matary\n \nA","year":"2022;"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0024","series-title":"Cureus","first-page":"e21107","article-title":"Common bacterial isolates associated with neonatal sepsis and their antimicrobial profile: A retrospective study at King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia","volume":"14","author":"Alharbi\n \nAS","year":"2022;"},{"key":"CIT0025","series-title":"Front Pediatr","first-page":"1259558","article-title":"Preterm infants with positive conjunctival swab culture: Risk factors and association with late-onset sepsis-A retrospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Gad\n \nA","year":"2023;"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"CIT0026","series-title":"J Infect and Public Health","first-page":"666\u201372","article-title":"Characteristics of neonatal sepsis at a tertiary care hospital in Saudi Arabia","volume":"12","author":"Al-Matary\n \nA","year":"2019;"},{"key":"CIT0027","article-title":"Protocol for screening and management of suspected neonatal sepsis","year":"2019"},{"key":"CIT0028","series-title":"Neonatal infection: Antibiotics for prevention and treatment","article-title":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence","year":"2024"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"Neoreviews","first-page":"738\u201355","article-title":"Updates in late-onset sepsis: Risk assessment, therapy, and outcomes","volume":"23","author":"Coggins\n \nSA","year":"2022;"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0030","series-title":"Oman Med J","first-page":"302\u20137","article-title":"Outcome of late-onset neonatal sepsis at a tertiary hospital in Oman","volume":"34","author":"Abdellatif\n \nM","year":"2019;"}],"container-title":["Qatar Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/view\/journals\/qmj\/2024\/4\/article-62.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/qmj\/2024\/4\/article-62.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/qmj\/2024\/4\/article-62.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:12:19Z","timestamp":1777309939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/view\/journals\/qmj\/2024\/4\/article-62.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5339\/qmj.2024.62","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-0426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-0426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}