{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:53:15Z","timestamp":1777312395484,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Globally, cognitive impairment has evolved as a major health and social issue. Hypertension, age, and stroke are independent risk factors for the development of cognitive impairment. Elderly individuals with hypertension are more prone to earlier cognitive decline. The risk is reduced by proper antihypertensive treatment. Various classes of antihypertensive drugs have varied protective effects on cognition, so we aimed to compare the cognitive scores of individuals taking different classes of antihypertensive drugs and correlate the blood pressure levels with their cognitive scores.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Known hypertensive individuals belonging to the age group of 35 to 60 years participated in this single-center cross-sectional study conducted in a tertiary care center in southern India. Individuals with any chronic systemic illness or any history of pre-existing cognitive impairment were excluded from the study. After taking a detailed history on hypertension and drug history, the patient\u2019s cognition was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) test. Out of a total score of 30, greater than or equal to 26 is considered normal. The hypertensive individuals were divided into three groups, namely those who were taking Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs), Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs), and other antihypertensive drugs, and their cognitive scores were compared.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Two hundred and forty-nine known hypertensive individuals participated in the study, of whom 43% were found to be males. Patients on ARBs (25.1 \u00b1 3) had higher cognitive scores compared to CCBs (22.6 \u00b1 3.8) and other antihypertensive drugs (24.3 \u00b1 3.8). When the cognitive scores were correlated with mean arterial pressure, it showed a negative association was shown (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    -value, 0.45). When grouped individually and analyzed using an independent t-test, patients who have been hypertensive for more than 5 years and who were on irregular treatment showed lower cognitive scores, which is statistically significant.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Our study showed a strong association between hypertension and cognitive function decline, and also the ARBs\u2019 protective effect over other classes of antihypertensive drugs. The pharmacodynamics of different classes of antihypertensive drugs should be taken into account to support the cognitive health of hypertensive individuals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2025.106","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T05:30:22Z","timestamp":1765344622000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation of cognitive functions of hypertensive patients on different classes of antihypertensive drugs"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3589-3860","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"K.","family":"Deepalakshmi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India*Correspondance: K. Deepalakshmi drdeepalakshmik@gmail.com"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2301-0968","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"S.","family":"Vijayabaskaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India*Correspondance: K. Deepalakshmi drdeepalakshmik@gmail.com"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Subhiksha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, India*Correspondance: K. Deepalakshmi drdeepalakshmik@gmail.com"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3277","reference":[{"issue":"(3):","key":"B1","series-title":"Semin Hear","first-page":"111\u201321","article-title":"The impact of age on cognition","volume":"36","author":"Murman\n \nDL","year":"2015"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"B2","series-title":"World J Diabetes","first-page":"92\u2013109","article-title":"Diabetes and cognitive function: an evidence-based current perspective","volume":"14","author":"Sebastian\n \nMJ","year":"2023"},{"key":"B3","series-title":"Hypertens Res","first-page":"1251\u201360","article-title":"Prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in patients with hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Qin\n \nJ","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"B4","series-title":"Alzheimers Dement","first-page":"535\u201362","article-title":"NIA-AA Research Framework: toward a biological definition of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"Jack\n \nCR\n \nJr","year":"2018"},{"key":"B5","series-title":"Front Neurol","first-page":"821135","article-title":"Hypertension and cognitive impairment: a review of mechanisms and key concepts","volume":"13","author":"Canavan\n \nM","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"B6","series-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)","first-page":"615\u20139","article-title":"Hypertension-induced cerebral small vessel disease leading to cognitive impairment","volume":"131","author":"Liu\n \nY","year":"2018"},{"issue":"(19):","key":"B7","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1934\u201344","article-title":"Association of blood pressure lowering with incident dementia or cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"323","author":"Hughes\n \nD","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"B8","series-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc","first-page":"695\u20139","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine\n \nZS","year":"2005"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"B9","series-title":"Health Informatics J","first-page":"304\u201311","article-title":"A feasibility study of conducting the Montreal Cognitive Assessment remotely in individuals with movement disorders","volume":"22","author":"Abdolahi\n \nA","year":"2016"},{"issue":"(8):","key":"B10","series-title":"Review of Physiology and Animal Studies. 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\nM","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"B6","series-title":"Chin Med J (Engl)","first-page":"615\u20139","article-title":"Hypertension-induced cerebral small vessel disease leading to cognitive impairment","volume":"131","author":"Liu\n \nY","year":"2018"},{"issue":"(19):","key":"B7","series-title":"JAMA","first-page":"1934\u201344","article-title":"Association of blood pressure lowering with incident dementia or cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"323","author":"Hughes\n \nD","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"B8","series-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc","first-page":"695\u20139","article-title":"The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: a brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment","volume":"53","author":"Nasreddine\n \nZS","year":"2005"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"B9","series-title":"Health Informatics J","first-page":"304\u201311","article-title":"A feasibility study of conducting the Montreal Cognitive Assessment remotely in individuals with 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