{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:54:00Z","timestamp":1777312440768,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Cardiovascular disease (CVD) affects 500 million people globally, with mortality over 20 million. In the UK, the financial burden is estimated to be approximately \u00a354 billion. Consequently, Lp(a) has been incorporated as an additional biomarker for cardiovascular risk stratification. It is used as a superior marker over the traditional marker LDL-C.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This was a single-centre retrospective study conducted at Hampshire Hospital NHS Foundation Trust spanning 16 months (September 2022\u2013January 2024). Lp(a) results were retrieved from the laboratory database and assessed for trends. The distribution of Lp(a) results was also compared with the values outlined in the HEART UK consensus statement (2019). Additionally, demographic characteristics such as age, sex, medical history, and lifestyle factors were collected. Personal details, including names, addresses, and phone numbers, were anonymised to ensure confidentiality. A total of 192 patients were included in the study. These patients were referred for a lipid panel by lipid specialists (172), GP surgeries (10), cardiologists (5), unspecified consultants (3) and endocrinologists (2). All patients were over 18 years of age. They were attending the clinic and had been screened for dyslipidaemia and high cardiovascular risk, including conditions such as familial hypercholesterolaemia, renal dysfunction, and those on antilipid therapy.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The demography included 99 (52%) females and 93 (48%) males. The chronological age (mean\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0SD) was 61.17\u00a0\u00b1\u00a013.18 for females and 53.91\u00a0\u00b1\u00a012.84 for males (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Additionally, the Lp(a) values were 126.50\u00a0\u00b1\u00a0118.92 and 135.33\u00a0\u00b1\u00a099.59 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01) for females and males, respectively. The analysed samples were categorised as normal (\u00a0\u2264\u00a032 nmol\/L) and abnormal (&gt;32 nmol\/L) concentrations of Lp(a), with normal results observed in 104 patients and abnormal results in 88 patients: Lp(a) \u2264\u00a032 nmol\/L (54%) versus &gt;32 nmol\/L (46%),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001. According to the CVD risk groupings established by HEART UK, 54%, 12%, 18%, 15% and 1% of the patients had Lp(a) values of 12.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a07.5, 52.20\u00a0\u00b1\u00a016.42, 147.14\u00a0\u00b1\u00a036.64, 291.71\u00a0\u00b1\u00a062.49, and 471.50\u00a0\u00b1\u00a028.99 nmol\/L, classified as normal, minor risk, moderate risk, high risk, and very high risk, respectively.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study provided evidence supporting the inclusion of Lp(a) as an extra component in lipid profile testing. Elevated levels of Lp(a) are associated with an increased risk of CVD, which may be more significant than the risk posed by LDL-C. Incorporating Lp(a) as a routine biomarker in real-world clinical practice would accurately stratify cardiovascular risk, particularly for patients with elevated Lp(a) concentrations, and could potentially be a more significant risk than LDL-C in individuals at high risk for CVD, especially for those \u2265\u00a050 years of age.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2025.16","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T03:30:26Z","timestamp":1745206226000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of the trends in lipoprotein(a) concentration in high-risk cardiovascular patients: A retrospective study"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3828-9976","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Terry","family":"Gbaa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipid Clinic, Cardiology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Bolodeoku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lipid Clinic, Cardiology, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke, UK*Correspondence: Terry Gbaa. Email: terrygbaa@yahoo.co.uk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3119-2696","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon","family":"Whitehead","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry, Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Basingstoke, UK*Correspondence: Terry Gbaa. Email: terrygbaa@yahoo.co.uk"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3277","reference":[{"issue":"(25):","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","first-page":"2372\u2013425","article-title":"Summary of global burden of disease study methods","volume":"80","author":"Lindstrom\n \nM\n,","year":"2022;"},{"key":"CIT0002","unstructured":"British Heart Foundation. UK factsheet; 2024 [cited 19 Jun 2024]\n. \nAvailable from: https:\/\/www.bhf.org.uk\/-\/media\/files\/for-professionals\/research\/heart-statistics\/bhf-cvd-statistics-uk-factsheet.pdf\n\n."},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0268766","article-title":"What will the cardiovascular disease slowdown cost? Modelling the impact of CVD trends on dementia, disability, and economic costs in England and Wales from 2020\u20132029","volume":"17","author":"Collins\n \nB\n,","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(10):","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Cardiovasc Res","first-page":"2267\u201380","article-title":"Long-term trends in the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in the UK: Insights from the British Heart Foundation Statistical Compendium","volume":"118","author":"Cheema\n \nKM\n,","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"7381","article-title":"Association of baseline as well as change in lipid levels with the risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause deaths","volume":"11","author":"Hsu\n \nH-Y\n,","year":"2021"},{"issue":"18:","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"6721","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases: pathophysiology and treatment perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Vinci\n \nP\n,","year":"2023"},{"issue":"(8):","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"J Lipid Res","first-page":"1339\u20131359","article-title":"Structure, function, and genetics of lipoprotein (a)","volume":"57","author":"Schmidt\n \nK\n,","year":"2016"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","first-page":"177\u201392","article-title":"Marcovina SM, et al. NHLBI working group recommendations to reduce lipoprotein(a)-mediated risk\u00a0of\u00a0cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis","volume":"71","author":"Tsimikas\n \nS\n,","year":"2018"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1):","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Clin Res Cardiol Suppl","first-page":"31\u20137","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and its role in inflammation, atherosclerosis and malignancies","volume":"12","author":"Ors\u00f3\n \nE\n,","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(39):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Eur Heart J","first-page":"3925\u201346","article-title":"Berglund L, Dweck MR, et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement","volume":"43","author":"Kronenberg\n \nF\n,","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Open Heart","first-page":"e002060","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) levels in a global population with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"9","author":"Nissen\n \nSE\n,","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol","first-page":"125\u201331","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a): is it more, less or equal to LDL as a causal factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality?","volume":"31","author":"Langsted\n \nA\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr","first-page":"154\u201360","article-title":"Lipoprotein (a) and risk for calcification of the coronary arteries, mitral valve, and thoracic aorta: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Garg\n \nPK\n,","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol","first-page":"168","article-title":"Association of sex-specific differences in lipoprotein(a) concentrations with cardiovascular mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Markus\n \nMRP\n,","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"693","article-title":"High-risk lipoprotein(a) levels in Saudi Women and its relationship to menopause and adiposity","volume":"15","author":"Aljawini\n \nN\n,","year":"2023"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"Korean J Clin Lab Sci","first-page":"95\u2013102","article-title":"Relationship between lipoprotein(a) and dyslipidemia in the elderly over 60 years","volume":"54","author":"Seo\n \nY-H\n,","year":"2022"},{"issue":"349:","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Atherosclerosis","first-page":"110\u201322","article-title":"Existing and emerging strategies to lower lipoprotein(a)","author":"Schwartz\n \nGG\n,","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"244\u201355","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) reduction in persons with cardiovascular disease","volume":"382","author":"Tsimikas\n \nS\n,","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(Suppl_3)","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Circulation","article-title":"Abstract 13951: safety, tolerability and efficacy of single-dose Amg 890, a Novel Sirna Targeting Lp(a), in healthy subjects and subjects with elevated Lp(a)","volume":"142","author":"Koren\n \nMJ\n,","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"J Thoracic Dis","first-page":"E78\u201382","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9","volume":"9","author":"Kotani\n \nK\n,","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther","first-page":"559\u201367","article-title":"New Therapies targeting apoB metabolism for high-risk patients with inherited dyslipidaemias: what can the clinician expect?","volume":"27","author":"Sahebkar\n \nA\n,","year":"2013"},{"issue":"(25):","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","first-page":"2372\u2013425","article-title":"Summary of global burden of disease study methods","volume":"80","author":"Lindstrom\n \nM\n,","year":"2022;"},{"key":"CIT0002","unstructured":"British Heart Foundation. UK factsheet; 2024 [cited 19 Jun 2024]\n. \nAvailable from: https:\/\/www.bhf.org.uk\/-\/media\/files\/for-professionals\/research\/heart-statistics\/bhf-cvd-statistics-uk-factsheet.pdf\n\n."},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0268766","article-title":"What will the cardiovascular disease slowdown cost? Modelling the impact of CVD trends on dementia, disability, and economic costs in England and Wales from 2020\u20132029","volume":"17","author":"Collins\n \nB\n,","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(10):","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Cardiovasc Res","first-page":"2267\u201380","article-title":"Long-term trends in the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases in the UK: Insights from the British Heart Foundation Statistical Compendium","volume":"118","author":"Cheema\n \nKM\n,","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"7381","article-title":"Association of baseline as well as change in lipid levels with the risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause deaths","volume":"11","author":"Hsu\n \nH-Y\n,","year":"2021"},{"issue":"18:","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"6721","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases: pathophysiology and treatment perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Vinci\n \nP\n,","year":"2023"},{"issue":"(8):","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"J Lipid Res","first-page":"1339\u20131359","article-title":"Structure, function, and genetics of lipoprotein (a)","volume":"57","author":"Schmidt\n \nK\n,","year":"2016"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol","first-page":"177\u201392","article-title":"Marcovina SM, et al. NHLBI working group recommendations to reduce lipoprotein(a)-mediated risk\u00a0of\u00a0cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis","volume":"71","author":"Tsimikas\n \nS\n,","year":"2018"},{"issue":"(Suppl 1):","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Clin Res Cardiol Suppl","first-page":"31\u20137","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and its role in inflammation, atherosclerosis and malignancies","volume":"12","author":"Ors\u00f3\n \nE\n,","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(39):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Eur Heart J","first-page":"3925\u201346","article-title":"Berglund L, Dweck MR, et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement","volume":"43","author":"Kronenberg\n \nF\n,","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Open Heart","first-page":"e002060","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) levels in a global population with established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease","volume":"9","author":"Nissen\n \nSE\n,","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Curr Opin Lipidol","first-page":"125\u201331","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a): is it more, less or equal to LDL as a causal factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality?","volume":"31","author":"Langsted\n \nA\n,","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr","first-page":"154\u201360","article-title":"Lipoprotein (a) and risk for calcification of the coronary arteries, mitral valve, and thoracic aorta: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Garg\n \nPK\n,","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Cardiovasc Diabetol","first-page":"168","article-title":"Association of sex-specific differences in lipoprotein(a) concentrations with cardiovascular mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"20","author":"Markus\n \nMRP\n,","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"693","article-title":"High-risk lipoprotein(a) levels in Saudi Women and its relationship to menopause and adiposity","volume":"15","author":"Aljawini\n \nN\n,","year":"2023"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"Korean J Clin Lab Sci","first-page":"95\u2013102","article-title":"Relationship between lipoprotein(a) and dyslipidemia in the elderly over 60 years","volume":"54","author":"Seo\n \nY-H\n,","year":"2022"},{"issue":"349:","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Atherosclerosis","first-page":"110\u201322","article-title":"Existing and emerging strategies to lower lipoprotein(a)","author":"Schwartz\n \nGG\n,","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"244\u201355","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) reduction in persons with cardiovascular disease","volume":"382","author":"Tsimikas\n \nS\n,","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(Suppl_3)","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Circulation","article-title":"Abstract 13951: safety, tolerability and efficacy of single-dose Amg 890, a Novel Sirna Targeting Lp(a), in healthy subjects and subjects with elevated Lp(a)","volume":"142","author":"Koren\n \nMJ\n,","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"J Thoracic Dis","first-page":"E78\u201382","article-title":"Lipoprotein(a) and inhibitors of proprotein convertase subtilisin\/kexin type 9","volume":"9","author":"Kotani\n \nK\n,","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"Cardiovasc Drugs Ther","first-page":"559\u201367","article-title":"New Therapies targeting apoB metabolism for high-risk patients with inherited dyslipidaemias: what can the clinician expect?","volume":"27","author":"Sahebkar\n \nA\n,","year":"2013"}],"container-title":["Qatar Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/view\/journals\/qmj\/2025\/1\/article-16.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/qmj\/2025\/1\/article-16.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/qmj\/2025\/1\/article-16.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:16:56Z","timestamp":1777310216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/view\/journals\/qmj\/2025\/1\/article-16.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5339\/qmj.2025.16","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-0426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-0426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}}}