{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T20:29:08Z","timestamp":1787689748487,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Prothymosin alpha (PTM\u03b1) is a small acidic polypeptide from the thymosin family with immune activity and protective properties against oxidative stress induced by reactive oxygen species trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), produced in the liver from gut bacterial metabolite trimethylamine and associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk and higher all-cause mortality. Ischemia-modified albumin (IMA) is a significant oxidative stress biomarker, particularly in ischemia-reperfusion conditions. This study investigates PTM\u03b1, TMAO, and IMA levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, both with and without hyperlipidemia, to explore their relationships and their potential role as biomarkers or therapeutic targets.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Method:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The study received ethical approval from the Selcuk University Faculty of Medicine Hospital committee under approval number 2024\/33. The study included male and female T2DM patients aged 30\u201360, with 30 having hyperlipidemia and the rest being non-lipemic. TMAO was performed using API 3200 LC-MS\\MS while PTM\u03b1 was analyzed using an ELISA kit from BT LAB, serum IMA levels were evaluated by the spectrophotometric method.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Comparisons were made between those with T2DM and control groups. In the T2DM group, PTM\u03b1 was significantly higher in females (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.047), while TMAO and IMA showed no significant gender difference. The control group had no significant differences in PTM\u03b1, TMAO, and IMA levels. Comparisons among healthy controls, non-lipemic T2DM patients, and hyperlipidemic T2DM patients revealed significantly decreased PTM\u03b1 levels with no change in IMA levels across groups. In contrast, TMAO was significantly higher in the patient group.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The findings of this study have potential implications for the field, suggesting that PTM\u03b1 might serve as a prognostic indicator for T2DM and that reduced TMAO levels might play a role in T2DM pathogenesis, opening up new avenues for research and treatment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2025.39","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T02:30:42Z","timestamp":1751855442000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Evaluation of prothymosin alpha, trimethylamine-N-oxide, and ischemia-modified albumin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with dysregulated lipid profile"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Karam Mazin","family":"Gharab","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Diabetes Center, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Ahmad Bik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey*Correspondence: Ghufran S. Jawad ghufransalman@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Safaa Ehssan","family":"Atta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Diabetes Center, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7578-9276","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ghufran S.","family":"Jawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Diabetes Center, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eissa","family":"Almaghrebi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey*Correspondence: Ghufran S. Jawad ghufransalman@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isam Noori","family":"Salman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Diabetes Center, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AIi","family":"Unlu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey*Correspondence: Ghufran S. Jawad ghufransalman@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3277","reference":[{"issue":"(9)","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol","first-page":"525\u201339","article-title":"The burden and risks of emerging complications of diabetes mellitus","volume":"18","author":"Tomic\n \nD","year":"2022;"},{"key":"CIT0002","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus type 2","author":"Goyal\n \nR","year":"2018"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Biochem Cell Arch","first-page":"1317\u201321","article-title":"Estimation of Galanin hormone in patients with newly thyroid dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"21","author":"Abed\n \nBA","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"J Med Chem Sci","first-page":"433\u20139","article-title":"Estimation of asprosin levels in female Iraqi patients with type 2 diabetes and hypothyroidism","volume":"6","author":"Lefta\n \nN","year":"2023;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Diabetes Metab J","first-page":"15\u201337","article-title":"Insulin resistance: from mechanisms to therapeutic strategies","volume":"46","author":"Lee\n \nS-H","year":"2022;"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"1177","article-title":"Association between systemic immunity-inflammation index and hyperlipidemia: a population-based study from the NHANES (2015-2020)","volume":"15","author":"Mahemuti\n \nN","year":"2023;"},{"key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Vit Horm","first-page":"179\u2013207","article-title":"Prothymosin alpha and immune responses: are we close to potential clinical applications?","volume":"102","author":"Samara\n \nP","year":"2016;"},{"issue":"(10)","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Heliyon","first-page":"e02616","article-title":"Development of a specific IgY-based ELISA for prothymosin alpha, a bioactive polypeptide with diagnostic and therapeutic 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arthritis","author":"Onmaz\n \nDE"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"CIT0025","series-title":"Genel T\u0131p Dergisi","first-page":"327\u201331","article-title":"Evaluation of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels in blunt thoracic trauma: an experimental study","volume":"34","author":"S\u00b8eng\u00fcl\n \nF"},{"issue":"(18)","key":"CIT0026","series-title":"Adv Sci","first-page":"2100275","article-title":"Emerging targets in type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications","volume":"8","author":"Demir\n \nS","year":"2021;"},{"key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"571731","article-title":"Gut microbiota as a trigger for metabolic inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Scheithauer\n \nTP","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(8)","key":"CIT0028","series-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol","first-page":"6651\u201366","article-title":"Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: impacts from pathogenesis to lifestyle modifications","volume":"45","author":"Caturano\n 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\nX","year":"2014;"},{"issue":"(12)","key":"CIT0033","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e114969","article-title":"Betaine and trimethylamine-N-oxide as predictors of cardiovascular outcomes show different patterns in diabetes mellitus: an observational study","volume":"9","author":"Lever\n \nM","year":"2014;"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"CIT0034","series-title":"T\u00fcrk Klinik Biyokimya Derg","first-page":"200\u201311","article-title":"Romatoid Artritte DAS-28 Skoru ile Oksidatif Stres Belirte\u00e7leri Aras\u0131ndaki \u0130lis\u00b8ki","volume":"19","author":"Onmaz\n \nDE","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"CIT0035","series-title":"Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol","first-page":"45","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress and inflammation: examining the links","volume":"11","author":"Oguntibeju\n \nOO","year":"2019;"},{"issue":"(9)","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol","first-page":"525\u201339","article-title":"The burden and risks of 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\nS-H","year":"2022;"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"1177","article-title":"Association between systemic immunity-inflammation index and hyperlipidemia: a population-based study from the NHANES (2015-2020)","volume":"15","author":"Mahemuti\n \nN","year":"2023;"},{"key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Vit Horm","first-page":"179\u2013207","article-title":"Prothymosin alpha and immune responses: are we close to potential clinical applications?","volume":"102","author":"Samara\n \nP","year":"2016;"},{"issue":"(10)","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Heliyon","first-page":"e02616","article-title":"Development of a specific IgY-based ELISA for prothymosin alpha, a bioactive polypeptide with diagnostic and therapeutic potential","volume":"5","author":"Karachaliou\n \nC-E","year":"2019;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Int Immunopharmacol","first-page":"50\u20137","article-title":"The C-terminal decapeptide of prothymosin \u03b1 is responsible for its stimulatory effect on the functions of human neutrophils in vitro","volume":"15","author":"Samara\n \nP","year":"2013;"},{"issue":"(9)","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Peptides","first-page":"1433\u201346","article-title":"Fifteen years of prothymosin alpha: contradictory past and new horizons","volume":"21","author":"Pi\u00f1eiro\n \nA","year":"2000;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Endocrines","first-page":"427\u201336","article-title":"Prothymosin-Alpha, a novel and sensitive biomarker of the inflammatory and insulin-resistant statuses of obese individuals: a pilot study involving humans","volume":"4","author":"Greco\n \nM","year":"2023;"},{"issue":"(18)","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Clin Sci","first-page":"2435\u201345","article-title":"Prothymosin \u03b1 activates type I collagen to develop a fibrotic placenta in gestational diabetes","volume":"134","author":"Wu\n \nH-T","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(9)","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"Cells","first-page":"1415","article-title":"Immunogenic cell death, damps and prothymosin \u03b1 as a putative anticancer immune response biomarker","volume":"11","author":"Birmpilis\n \nAI","year":"2022;"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"4114\u201323","article-title":"Prothymosin-\u03b1 overexpression contributes to the development of insulin resistance","volume":"100","author":"Su\n \nY-C","year":"2015;"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Cells","first-page":"496","article-title":"Prothymosin \u03b1 plays role as a brain guardian through Ecto-F1 ATPase-P2Y12 complex and TLR4\/MD2","volume":"12","author":"Ueda\n \nH","year":"2023;"},{"issue":"(105)","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol","first-page":"1\u201310","article-title":"Emerging role of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) in colorectal cancer","author":"Jalandra\n \nR","year":"2021;"},{"key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Curr Atheroscler Rep","first-page":"1\u20137","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), diet and cardiovascular disease","volume":"23","author":"Thomas\n \nMS","year":"2021;"},{"key":"CIT0018","series-title":"EXCLI J","first-page":"301","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) in human health","volume":"20","author":"Gatarek\n \nP","year":"2021;"},{"key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Acta Diabetol","first-page":"221\u20139","article-title":"Elevated plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide levels are associated with diabetic retinopathy","volume":"58","author":"Liu\n \nW","year":"2021;"},{"key":"CIT0020","series-title":"Dis Markers","first-page":"1\u201318","article-title":"Ischemia-modified albumin: origins and clinical implications","volume":"2021","author":"Shevtsova\n \nA","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"Hellenic J Cardiol","first-page":"260\u20136","article-title":"Ischemia modified albumin: is this marker of ischemia ready for prime time use","volume":"49","author":"Sbarouni\n \nE","year":"2008;"},{"issue":"(4-5)","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"Clin Biochem","first-page":"450\u20134","article-title":"Association between ischemia modified albumin, inflammation and hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Kaefer\n \nM","year":"2010;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"Biochem Cell Arch","first-page":"6311","article-title":"Assessment the diagnostic value of ischemia modified albumin as a biomarker for prediction of diabetic nephropathy","volume":"20","author":"Arzouki\n \nNA","year":"2020;"},{"key":"CIT0024","article-title":"The relationship between DAS-28 score and oxidative stress markers in rheumatoid arthritis","author":"Onmaz\n \nDE"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"CIT0025","series-title":"Genel T\u0131p Dergisi","first-page":"327\u201331","article-title":"Evaluation of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) levels in blunt thoracic trauma: an experimental study","volume":"34","author":"S\u00b8eng\u00fcl\n \nF"},{"issue":"(18)","key":"CIT0026","series-title":"Adv Sci","first-page":"2100275","article-title":"Emerging targets in type 2 diabetes and diabetic complications","volume":"8","author":"Demir\n \nS","year":"2021;"},{"key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Front Immunol","first-page":"571731","article-title":"Gut microbiota as a trigger for metabolic inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Scheithauer\n \nTP","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(8)","key":"CIT0028","series-title":"Curr Issues Mol Biol","first-page":"6651\u201366","article-title":"Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: impacts from pathogenesis to lifestyle modifications","volume":"45","author":"Caturano\n \nA","year":"2023;"},{"issue":"(11-12)","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"Nutrition","first-page":"1317\u201323","article-title":"TMAO: a small molecule of great expectations","volume":"31","author":"Ufnal\n 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