{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T23:38:04Z","timestamp":1783121884771,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Pleural diseases are common and often require drainage, with the growing use of small-bore chest drains (SBCDs) instead of larger tubes. This review aimed to examine the failure rate and complications associated with SBCD use in different pleural pathologies.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A literature search (PubMed, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar) was performed on the complications associated with SBCDs to treat pleural diseases. This review analyzed patient demographics, indications, outcomes, failure rate, and complications associated with the use of SBCDs. The systematic review was conducted using PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Thirty studies were included in this review with 4,973 patients. The indications for insertions of SBCDs were pleural effusion at 48.4%, pneumothorax at 30.1%, empyema or parapneumonic effusion at 11.4%, hemothorax at 6.5%, and other indications at 3.6%. The overall failure rate to achieve satisfactory drainage was 19.4%. Significant complications included iatrogenic pneumothorax at 11.9%, major hemorrhage at 1.0%, local bleeding at 0.7%, infection at 1.2%, and iatrogenic organ injury at 0.9%. Other insertional complications included tube dislodgement at 5.9%, tube blockage at 5.4%, tube kinking at 3.7%, misplacement at 3.3%, and subcutaneous hematoma at 0.5%. Most of the data published revolves around hemodynamically stable patients with SBCD insertions and is, thus, deficient regarding hemodynamically unstable patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Despite carrying notable failure rates and complications, small-bore catheters remain an acceptable option for managing selected pleural diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2025.55","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T06:30:48Z","timestamp":1750141848000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Failure rate and complications of small-bore, wire-guided chest drains in adult patients presenting with traumatic and nontraumatic pleural diseases: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Zubaidah","family":"Alomar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Tawfek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Al Ahli Hospital, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yousif","family":"Alomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ismail","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trauma Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Surgery Department, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Alomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayman","family":"El-Menyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trauma Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Clinical Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Doha, Qatar*Correspondence: Ayman El-Menyar aymanco65@yahoo.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandro","family":"Rizoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trauma Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Al-Thani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Trauma Surgery, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3277","reference":[{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul)","first-page":"106\u201315","article-title":"Chest tube drainage of the pleural space: a concise review for pulmonologists","volume":"81","author":"Porcel\n \nJM","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"JSLS","first-page":"57\u201361","article-title":"The pigtail catheter for pleural drainage: a less invasive alternative to tube thoracostomy","volume":"3","author":"Gammie\n \nJS","year":"1999;"},{"key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health","first-page":"3686","article-title":"Implication of pigtail catheter vs chest tube drainage","volume":"5","author":"Elsayed\n \nA","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"760\u20138","article-title":"Optimal chest drain size: the rise of the small-bore pleural catheter","volume":"31","author":"Fysh\n \nET","year":"2010;"},{"issue":"(7653)","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies","volume":"336","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann\n \nHJ","year":"2008"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Respirology","first-page":"603\u20137","article-title":"A study of the complications of small bore \u2018Seldinger\u2019 intercostal chest drains","volume":"13","author":"Davies\n \nHE","year":"2008;"},{"key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med","first-page":"1179548419871527","article-title":"Assessment of pleural effusion and small pleural drain insertion by resident doctors in an intensive care unit: an observational study","volume":"13","author":"Vetrugno\n \nL","year":"2019;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"A prospective single-centre study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci","first-page":"728\u201336","article-title":"Trocar vs. Seldinger small bore pleural drains: does the technique influence the outcomes?","volume":"27","author":"Congedo\n \nMT","year":"2023;"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"J Trauma","first-page":"1104\u20137","article-title":"Two-year experience of using pigtail catheters to treat traumatic pneumothorax: a changing trend","volume":"71","author":"Kulvatunyou\n \nN","year":"2011;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"17\u201322","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of pigtail catheter versus chest tube in injured patients with uncomplicated traumatic pneumothorax","volume":"101","author":"Kulvatunyou\n \nN","year":"2014;"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"2453","article-title":"Small drainage volumes of pleural effusions are associated with complications in critically ill patients: a retrospective analysis","volume":"10","author":"Treml\n \nB","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"809\u201313","article-title":"The small (14 Fr) percutaneous catheter (P-CAT) versus large (28-32 Fr) open chest tube for traumatic hemothorax: a multicenter randomized clinical trial","volume":"91","author":"Kulvatunyou\n \nN","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(8)","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"Am J Emerg Med","first-page":"915\u201321","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided pigtail catheters for drainage of various pleural diseases","volume":"28","author":"Liu\n \nYH","year":"2010;"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Am J Emerg Med","first-page":"466\u201371","article-title":"Pigtail catheter for the management of pneumothorax in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"28","author":"Lin\n \nYC","year":"2010;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"J Trauma","first-page":"393\u20139","article-title":"Small catheter tube thoracostomy: effective in managing chest trauma in stable patients","volume":"66","author":"Rivera\n \nL","year":"2009;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg","first-page":"146\u20139","article-title":"Management of primary and secondary pneumothorax using a small-bore thoracic catheter","volume":"11","author":"Cho\n \nS","year":"2010;"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","first-page":"683\u20137","article-title":"Small-bore wire-guided chest drains: safety, tolerability, and effectiveness in pneumothorax, malignant effusions, and pleural empyema","volume":"141","author":"Cafarotti\n \nS","year":"2011;"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Am Surg","first-page":"1501\u20137","article-title":"Chest tube size selection: evaluating provider practices, treatment efficacy, and complications in management of thoracic trauma","volume":"90","author":"Messa\n \nGE","year":"2024;"},{"key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Respir Med","first-page":"105931","article-title":"Exclusive ambulatory management of spontaneous pneumothorax with pigtail catheters, a prospective multicentric study","volume":"166","author":"Sal\u00e9\n \nA","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"Clin Lung Cancer","first-page":"e196\u2013202","article-title":"The application of pigtail catheters in postoperative drainage of lung cancer","volume":"23","author":"Li\n \nX","year":"2022;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"World J Surg","first-page":"107\u201313","article-title":"A prospective study of 7-year experience using percutaneous 14-french pigtail catheters for traumatic hemothorax\/hemopneumothorax at a level-1 trauma center: size still does not matter","volume":"42","author":"Bauman\n \nZM","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol","first-page":"135\u201341","article-title":"Empyema and effusion: outcome of image-guided small-bore catheter drainage","volume":"31","author":"Keeling\n \nAN","year":"2008;"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"1423\u20137","article-title":"14 French pigtail catheters placed by surgeons to drain blood on trauma patients: is 14-Fr too small?","volume":"73","author":"Kulvatunyou\n \nN","year":"2012;"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"CIT0024","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"1857\u201363","article-title":"Efficacy and complications of small-bore, wire-guided chest drains","volume":"130","author":"Horsley\n \nA","year":"2006;"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"CIT0025","series-title":"Intern Med J","first-page":"495\u20139","article-title":"Comparison of large- and small-bore intercostal catheters in the management of spontaneous pneumothorax","volume":"33","author":"Vedam\n \nH","year":"2003;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0026","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","first-page":"350\u20134","article-title":"Application of ultrasound-guided pigtail catheter for drainage of pleural effusions in the ICU","volume":"35","author":"Liang\n \nSJ","year":"2009;"},{"issue":"(12)","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Am Surg","first-page":"5487\u201391","article-title":"Reintervention rate after pigtail catheter insertion compared to surgical chest tubes","volume":"89","author":"Mortman\n \nKD","year":"2023;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0028","series-title":"Oman Med J","first-page":"e248","article-title":"Percutaneous ultrasound-guided pigtail catheter for pleural effusions: efficacy and safety","volume":"36","author":"Jayakrishnan\n \nB","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"Am J Emerg Med","first-page":"45\u201350","article-title":"Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: which associated conditions benefit from pigtail catheter treatment?","volume":"30","author":"Chen\n \nCH","year":"2012;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0030","series-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med","first-page":"56","article-title":"Comparing complications of small-bore chest tubes to large-bore chest tubes in the setting of delayed hemothorax: a retrospective multicenter cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Orlando\n \nA","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"CIT0031","series-title":"World J Surg","first-page":"880\u20136","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of 14-french (14F) Pigtail catheters versus 28-32F chest tubes in the management of patients with traumatic hemothorax and hemopneumothorax","volume":"45","author":"Bauman\n \nZM","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"CIT0032","series-title":"Lung India","first-page":"316\u201322","article-title":"Image-guided catheter drainage in loculated pleural space collections, effectiveness, and complications","volume":"37","author":"Rafiq\n \nS","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0033","series-title":"Can Respir J","first-page":"29\u201333","article-title":"Chest tube drainage under radiological guidance for pleural effusion and pneumothorax in a tertiary care university teaching hospital: review of 51 cases","volume":"12","author":"Cantin\n \nL","year":"2005;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0034","series-title":"Med J Armed Forces India","first-page":"40\u20131","article-title":"Study of pigtail catheters for tube thoracostomy","volume":"62","author":"Jain\n \nS","year":"2006;"},{"key":"CIT0035","series-title":"Int J Health Care Qual Assur","article-title":"Overuse of small chest drains for pleural effusions: a retrospective practice review","author":"Tajarernmuang\n \nP","year":"2021"},{"key":"CIT0036","series-title":"J Intensive Care Med","first-page":"48\u201354","article-title":"Pleural effusion outcomes in intensive care: analysis of a large clinical database","volume":"35","author":"Bateman\n \nM","year":"2019;"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"CIT0037","series-title":"Curr Opin Pulm Med","first-page":"338\u201345","article-title":"Physiology of breathlessness associated with pleural effusions","volume":"21","author":"Thomas\n \nR","year":"2015;"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"CIT0038","series-title":"World J Clin Cases","first-page":"989\u201399","article-title":"Pleural effusion in critically ill patients and intensive care setting","volume":"11","author":"Bediwy\n \nAS","year":"2023;"},{"key":"CIT0039","series-title":"In: StatPearls","article-title":"Pneumothorax","author":"McKnight\n \nCL","year":"2024"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0040","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","first-page":"346\u201351","article-title":"Management of pleural space infections: a population-based analysis","volume":"133","author":"Farjah\n \nF","year":"2007;"},{"issue":"(7)","key":"CIT0041","series-title":"J Thorac Dis","first-page":"E503\u201310","article-title":"When size matters: changing opinion in the management of pleural space-the rise of small-bore pleural catheters","volume":"8","author":"Filosso\n \nPL","year":"2016;"},{"issue":"(10)","key":"CIT0042","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"CD002312","article-title":"Intra-pleural fibrinolytic therapy versus placebo, or a different fibrinolytic agent, in the treatment of adult parapneumonic effusions and empyema","volume":"2019","author":"Altmann\n \nES","year":"2019;"},{"key":"CIT0043","series-title":"J Cardiol Curr Res","first-page":"1\u201310","article-title":"Iatrogenic perforation of the left ventricle following chest drain insertion","volume":"9","author":"Alsaiedi\n \nAJ","year":"2017;"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"CIT0044","series-title":"Am Surg","first-page":"2743\u201354","article-title":"Outcomes of pigtail catheter placement versus chest tube placement in adult thoracic trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"89","author":"Beeton\n \nG","year":"2023;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul)","first-page":"106\u201315","article-title":"Chest tube drainage of the pleural space: a concise review for pulmonologists","volume":"81","author":"Porcel\n \nJM","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"JSLS","first-page":"57\u201361","article-title":"The pigtail catheter for pleural drainage: a less invasive alternative to tube thoracostomy","volume":"3","author":"Gammie\n \nJS","year":"1999;"},{"key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Int J Community Med Public Health","first-page":"3686","article-title":"Implication of pigtail catheter vs chest tube drainage","volume":"5","author":"Elsayed\n \nA","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med","first-page":"760\u20138","article-title":"Optimal chest drain size: the rise of the small-bore pleural catheter","volume":"31","author":"Fysh\n \nET","year":"2010;"},{"issue":"(7653)","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"BMJ","first-page":"1106","article-title":"Grading quality of evidence and strength of recommendations for diagnostic tests and strategies","volume":"336","author":"Sch\u00fcnemann\n \nHJ","year":"2008"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Respirology","first-page":"603\u20137","article-title":"A study of the complications of small bore \u2018Seldinger\u2019 intercostal chest drains","volume":"13","author":"Davies\n \nHE","year":"2008;"},{"key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Clin Med Insights Circ Respir Pulm Med","first-page":"1179548419871527","article-title":"Assessment of pleural effusion and small pleural drain insertion by resident doctors in an intensive care unit: an observational study","volume":"13","author":"Vetrugno\n \nL","year":"2019;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"A prospective single-centre study. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci","first-page":"728\u201336","article-title":"Trocar vs. Seldinger small bore pleural drains: does the technique influence the outcomes?","volume":"27","author":"Congedo\n \nMT","year":"2023;"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"J Trauma","first-page":"1104\u20137","article-title":"Two-year experience of using pigtail catheters to treat traumatic pneumothorax: a changing trend","volume":"71","author":"Kulvatunyou\n \nN","year":"2011;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Br J Surg","first-page":"17\u201322","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of pigtail catheter versus chest tube in injured patients with uncomplicated traumatic pneumothorax","volume":"101","author":"Kulvatunyou\n \nN","year":"2014;"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"J Clin Med","first-page":"2453","article-title":"Small drainage volumes of pleural effusions are associated with complications in critically ill patients: a retrospective analysis","volume":"10","author":"Treml\n \nB","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"809\u201313","article-title":"The small (14 Fr) percutaneous catheter (P-CAT) versus large (28-32 Fr) open chest tube for traumatic hemothorax: a multicenter randomized clinical trial","volume":"91","author":"Kulvatunyou\n \nN","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(8)","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"Am J Emerg Med","first-page":"915\u201321","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided pigtail catheters for drainage of various pleural diseases","volume":"28","author":"Liu\n \nYH","year":"2010;"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Am J Emerg Med","first-page":"466\u201371","article-title":"Pigtail catheter for the management of pneumothorax in mechanically ventilated patients","volume":"28","author":"Lin\n \nYC","year":"2010;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"J Trauma","first-page":"393\u20139","article-title":"Small catheter tube thoracostomy: effective in managing chest trauma in stable patients","volume":"66","author":"Rivera\n \nL","year":"2009;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg","first-page":"146\u20139","article-title":"Management of primary and secondary pneumothorax using a small-bore thoracic catheter","volume":"11","author":"Cho\n \nS","year":"2010;"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg","first-page":"683\u20137","article-title":"Small-bore wire-guided chest drains: safety, tolerability, and effectiveness in pneumothorax, malignant effusions, and pleural empyema","volume":"141","author":"Cafarotti\n \nS","year":"2011;"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Am Surg","first-page":"1501\u20137","article-title":"Chest tube size selection: evaluating provider practices, treatment efficacy, and complications in management of thoracic trauma","volume":"90","author":"Messa\n \nGE","year":"2024;"},{"key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Respir Med","first-page":"105931","article-title":"Exclusive ambulatory management of spontaneous pneumothorax with pigtail catheters, a prospective multicentric study","volume":"166","author":"Sal\u00e9\n \nA","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"Clin Lung Cancer","first-page":"e196\u2013202","article-title":"The application of pigtail catheters in postoperative drainage of lung cancer","volume":"23","author":"Li\n \nX","year":"2022;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"World J Surg","first-page":"107\u201313","article-title":"A prospective study of 7-year experience using percutaneous 14-french pigtail catheters for traumatic hemothorax\/hemopneumothorax at a level-1 trauma center: size still does not matter","volume":"42","author":"Bauman\n \nZM","year":"2018;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol","first-page":"135\u201341","article-title":"Empyema and effusion: outcome of image-guided small-bore catheter drainage","volume":"31","author":"Keeling\n \nAN","year":"2008;"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg","first-page":"1423\u20137","article-title":"14 French pigtail catheters placed by surgeons to drain blood on trauma patients: is 14-Fr too small?","volume":"73","author":"Kulvatunyou\n \nN","year":"2012;"},{"issue":"(6)","key":"CIT0024","series-title":"Chest","first-page":"1857\u201363","article-title":"Efficacy and complications of small-bore, wire-guided chest drains","volume":"130","author":"Horsley\n \nA","year":"2006;"},{"issue":"(11)","key":"CIT0025","series-title":"Intern Med J","first-page":"495\u20139","article-title":"Comparison of large- and small-bore intercostal catheters in the management of spontaneous pneumothorax","volume":"33","author":"Vedam\n \nH","year":"2003;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0026","series-title":"Intensive Care Med","first-page":"350\u20134","article-title":"Application of ultrasound-guided pigtail catheter for drainage of pleural effusions in the ICU","volume":"35","author":"Liang\n \nSJ","year":"2009;"},{"issue":"(12)","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Am Surg","first-page":"5487\u201391","article-title":"Reintervention rate after pigtail catheter insertion compared to surgical chest tubes","volume":"89","author":"Mortman\n \nKD","year":"2023;"},{"issue":"(2)","key":"CIT0028","series-title":"Oman Med J","first-page":"e248","article-title":"Percutaneous ultrasound-guided pigtail catheter for pleural effusions: efficacy and safety","volume":"36","author":"Jayakrishnan\n \nB","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"Am J Emerg Med","first-page":"45\u201350","article-title":"Secondary spontaneous pneumothorax: which associated conditions benefit from pigtail catheter treatment?","volume":"30","author":"Chen\n \nCH","year":"2012;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0030","series-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med","first-page":"56","article-title":"Comparing complications of small-bore chest tubes to large-bore chest tubes in the setting of delayed hemothorax: a retrospective multicenter cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Orlando\n \nA","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(3)","key":"CIT0031","series-title":"World J Surg","first-page":"880\u20136","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial of 14-french (14F) Pigtail catheters versus 28-32F chest tubes in the management of patients with traumatic hemothorax and hemopneumothorax","volume":"45","author":"Bauman\n \nZM","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"CIT0032","series-title":"Lung India","first-page":"316\u201322","article-title":"Image-guided catheter drainage in loculated pleural space collections, effectiveness, and complications","volume":"37","author":"Rafiq\n \nS","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0033","series-title":"Can Respir J","first-page":"29\u201333","article-title":"Chest tube drainage under radiological guidance for pleural effusion and pneumothorax in a tertiary care university teaching hospital: review of 51 cases","volume":"12","author":"Cantin\n \nL","year":"2005;"},{"issue":"(1)","key":"CIT0034","series-title":"Med J Armed Forces India","first-page":"40\u20131","article-title":"Study of pigtail catheters for tube thoracostomy","volume":"62","author":"Jain\n \nS","year":"2006;"},{"key":"CIT0035","series-title":"Int J Health Care Qual Assur","article-title":"Overuse of small chest drains for pleural effusions: a retrospective practice review","author":"Tajarernmuang\n \nP","year":"2021"},{"key":"CIT0036","series-title":"J Intensive Care Med","first-page":"48\u201354","article-title":"Pleural effusion outcomes in intensive care: analysis of a large clinical database","volume":"35","author":"Bateman\n \nM","year":"2019;"},{"issue":"(4)","key":"CIT0037","series-title":"Curr Opin Pulm 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