{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T10:46:25Z","timestamp":1782902785580,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:bold>\n Dysfunctions in thyroid hormones induce various effects on hematopoiesis such as anemia, changes in red blood cells (RBC) and platelet counts, as well as changes in hematological indices. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between thyroid hormone levels and hematological indices among women with thyroid dysfunction who were attending an outpatient clinic in Mosul, Iraq.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n This case\u2013control study was conducted at Al-Wafa Specialist Centre for Diabetes and Endocrine Diseases from April to July 2024. A total of 300 women participated in this study (100 with hypothyroidism, 100 with hyperthyroidism, and 100 with normal thyroid function serving as controls). The hematological indices of the three groups were analyzed and compared. Blood indices were analyzed using the Mythic-18 hematology analyzer. Ethical approval was obtained before data collection, and written consent was obtained from all participants.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n All RBC indices [hemoglobin (Hb), RBC count, hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)] were significantly lower in patients with hypothyroidism compared to those in the control group (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n \u2264 0.05), except for red blood cell distribution width (RDW), which was significantly higher in patients with hypothyroidism (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.000).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n White blood cell count was significantly lower in patient with hypothyroidism compared to those in the control group (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.000). In contrast, no statistically significant differences were observed in any blood indices in patients with hyperthyroidism compared to the control group. A statistically significant negative correlation was identified between thyroid-stimulating hormone and Hb, RBC count, HCT, MCV, MCH, alongside a statistically significant positive correlation with RDW.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n The dysfunction of thyroid hormones has an impact on blood indices. Anemia is frequently observed in patients with thyroid dysfunction, especially in cases of hypothyroidism. Variations in blood indices may indicate underlying thyroid disorders. Therefore, it is imperative not to disregard the assessment of thyroid hormones in cases of unexplained anemia or unaccounted changes in blood indices.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2025.73","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T06:30:37Z","timestamp":1755757837000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association between thyroid hormone levels and hematological indices among women with thyroid disorders"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9111-553X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sura O.","family":"AL-Dewachi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Ninevah University, Mosul, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5613-7300","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anmar B.","family":"Al-Dewachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq*Correspondence: Anmar B. Al-Dewachi f.medicine@uomosul.edu.iq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3274-4424","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Raad Yahya","family":"Alhamdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq*Correspondence: Anmar B. Al-Dewachi f.medicine@uomosul.edu.iq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3277","reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Int J Endocrinol","first-page":"9106767","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction and cytological patterns among patients requested for thyroid function test in an endemic goiter area of Gondar, North West Ethiopia","volume":"2019","author":"Asmelash\n \nD"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"Ann Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"A21\u20135","article-title":"Impact of subclinical hypothyroidism on iron status and haematological parameters","volume":"2","author":"Chandel\n \nRS"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Iran J Ped Hematol Oncol","first-page":"73\u20137","article-title":"Effect of thyroid dysfunctions on blood cell count and red blood cell indice","volume":"3","author":"Dorgalaleh\n \nA"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta","first-page":"3860\u20136","article-title":"The road to nuclear receptors of thyroid hormone","volume":"1830","author":"Tata\n \nJR"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Univ J Pre Paraclin Sci","first-page":"197\u2013280","article-title":"Correlation of thyroid stimulating hormone levels and hematological parameters among euthyroids, hypothyroids and hyperthyroids","volume":"7","author":"Pushparaj\n \nT","year":"2021;"},{"key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Int J Endocrinol","first-page":"292574","article-title":"The role of the multiple hormonal dysregulation in the onset of \u201canemia of aging\u201d: Focus on testosterone, IGF-1, and thyroid hormones","volume":"2015","author":"Maggio\n \nM"},{"key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Thyroid Disorder Focus Hyperthyr","first-page":"181\u2013205","article-title":"Hematopoiesis dysfunction associated with abnormal thyroid hormones production","volume":"3","author":"Kawa\n \nMP"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Clin Pract","first-page":"494-504","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of thyroid abnormalities and its association with anemia in ASIR region of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Alqahtani\n \nSAM"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Int J Contemp Med Res","first-page":"A5\u20137","article-title":"Variations in haematological indices in patients with thyroid dysfunction","volume":"7","author":"Uma Maheshwari\n \nK","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(27):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"J Evid Based Med Healthc","first-page":"2434\u20138","article-title":"Effects of thyroid function on blood cell counts and red cell indices \u2013 a retrospective study at a tertiary care centre in Mandya, Karnataka","volume":"8","author":"Siddegowda\n \nMS"},{"key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)","first-page":"52\u20135","article-title":"Effects of thyroid dysfunction on hematological parameters: Case controlled study","volume":"57","author":"Ahmed\n \nSS"},{"key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Mythic 18 Vet Quick Reference","author":"Woodley Equipment"},{"key":"CIT0013","series-title":"Cobas 6000 analyzer","author":"Roche diagnostics"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Pak J Med Den","first-page":"41\u20135","article-title":"Impact of thyroid dysfunction on red cell indices in a tertiary care hospital","volume":"9","author":"Salim\n \nE"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Indian J Pathol Oncol","first-page":"102\u20136","article-title":"A study of hematological parameters and their correlation with thyroid hormone status in non-pregnant women of childbearing age","volume":"6","author":"Shetty\n \nA"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"Asian J of Pharma Clin Res","first-page":"52\u20136","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and alterations in hematological parameters","volume":"16","author":"Bodapati\n \nS"},{"issue":"(9):","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Med Res Arch","article-title":"Effect of thyroid dysfunction on complete blood count","volume":"11","author":"Ganbaatar\n \nB"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Biomed J","first-page":"307\u201316","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of anemia associated with thyroid disorders in non-pregnant Saudi women during the childbearing age: A cross-sectional study","volume":"38","author":"Refaat\n \nB"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Indian J Pathol Oncol","first-page":"452\u20136","article-title":"Hematological changes in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in adults","volume":"8","author":"Kadgi\n \nNV","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"JK Science","first-page":"177\u201382","article-title":"Red blood cell indices and hypothyroidism","volume":"24","author":"Aparajita\n \nS"},{"issue":"(Suppl 2):","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"S361\u20133","article-title":"Etiology of anemia in primary hypothyroid subjects in a tertiary care center in Eastern India","volume":"16","author":"Das\n \nC"},{"issue":"(10):","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes","first-page":"572\u20134","article-title":"Could red cell distribution width be a marker in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis?","volume":"122","author":"Aktas\n \nG"},{"issue":"(288):","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"Pol Merkur Lekarski","first-page":"437\u201342","article-title":"Implementation of programmed cell death in circulating neutrophils and its special characteristics in experimentally induced hyperhomocysteinemia in a setting of thyroid dysfunction","volume":"48","author":"Nechyporuk\n \nV"},{"issue":"(188):","key":"CIT0024","series-title":"Pol Merkur Lekarski","first-page":"87\u201392","article-title":"The role of apoptosis in the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"32","author":"\u0141acka\n \nK"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0025","series-title":"Int J Contemp Med Res","first-page":"661\u20135","article-title":"Haematological profile and body composition in hypothyroid patients","volume":"4","author":"Modala\n \nS","year":"2017;"},{"key":"CIT0026","series-title":"ISRN Endocrinol","first-page":"385940","article-title":"Thryroid hormones and hematological indices levels in thyroid disorders patients at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Western Kenya","volume":"2013","author":"Iddah\n \nMA"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Int J Med Res Health Sci","first-page":"1\u20137","article-title":"Prevalence and association of thyroid dysfunction with anemia\/body iron status among Northern Border Saudi Population","volume":"9","author":"Suhail\n \nN","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0028","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","first-page":"304\u201311","article-title":"Significant association between thyroid hormones and erythrocyte indices in euthyroid subjects","volume":"76","author":"Bremner\n \nAP"},{"issue":"(79):","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"J Coll Basic Educ","first-page":"211\u20139","article-title":"Measurement of the normal range of thyroid gland & thyroid stimulating hormones in Iraqi population","volume":"19","author":"Kamel\n \nFH","year":"2022;"},{"key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Int J Endocrinol","first-page":"9106767","article-title":"Thyroid dysfunction and cytological patterns among patients requested for thyroid function test in an endemic goiter area of Gondar, North West Ethiopia","volume":"2019","author":"Asmelash\n \nD"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"Ann Pathol Lab Med","first-page":"A21\u20135","article-title":"Impact of subclinical hypothyroidism on iron status and haematological parameters","volume":"2","author":"Chandel\n \nRS"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Iran J Ped Hematol Oncol","first-page":"73\u20137","article-title":"Effect of thyroid dysfunctions on blood cell count and red blood cell indice","volume":"3","author":"Dorgalaleh\n \nA"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta","first-page":"3860\u20136","article-title":"The road to nuclear receptors of thyroid hormone","volume":"1830","author":"Tata\n \nJR"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Univ J Pre Paraclin Sci","first-page":"197\u2013280","article-title":"Correlation of thyroid stimulating hormone levels and hematological parameters among euthyroids, hypothyroids and hyperthyroids","volume":"7","author":"Pushparaj\n \nT","year":"2021;"},{"key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Int J Endocrinol","first-page":"292574","article-title":"The role of the multiple hormonal dysregulation in the onset of \u201canemia of aging\u201d: Focus on testosterone, IGF-1, and thyroid hormones","volume":"2015","author":"Maggio\n \nM"},{"key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Thyroid Disorder Focus Hyperthyr","first-page":"181\u2013205","article-title":"Hematopoiesis dysfunction associated with abnormal thyroid hormones production","volume":"3","author":"Kawa\n \nMP"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Clin Pract","first-page":"494-504","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of thyroid abnormalities and its association with anemia in ASIR region of Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Alqahtani\n \nSAM"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Int J Contemp Med Res","first-page":"A5\u20137","article-title":"Variations in haematological indices in patients with thyroid dysfunction","volume":"7","author":"Uma Maheshwari\n \nK","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(27):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"J Evid Based Med Healthc","first-page":"2434\u20138","article-title":"Effects of thyroid function on blood cell counts and red cell indices \u2013 a retrospective study at a tertiary care centre in Mandya, Karnataka","volume":"8","author":"Siddegowda\n \nMS"},{"key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)","first-page":"52\u20135","article-title":"Effects of thyroid dysfunction on hematological parameters: Case controlled study","volume":"57","author":"Ahmed\n \nSS"},{"key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Mythic 18 Vet Quick Reference","author":"Woodley Equipment"},{"key":"CIT0013","series-title":"Cobas 6000 analyzer","author":"Roche diagnostics"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Pak J Med Den","first-page":"41\u20135","article-title":"Impact of thyroid dysfunction on red cell indices in a tertiary care hospital","volume":"9","author":"Salim\n \nE"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Indian J Pathol Oncol","first-page":"102\u20136","article-title":"A study of hematological parameters and their correlation with thyroid hormone status in non-pregnant women of childbearing age","volume":"6","author":"Shetty\n \nA"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"Asian J of Pharma Clin Res","first-page":"52\u20136","article-title":"Hypothyroidism and alterations in hematological parameters","volume":"16","author":"Bodapati\n \nS"},{"issue":"(9):","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Med Res Arch","article-title":"Effect of thyroid dysfunction on complete blood count","volume":"11","author":"Ganbaatar\n \nB"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Biomed J","first-page":"307\u201316","article-title":"Prevalence and characteristics of anemia associated with thyroid disorders in non-pregnant Saudi women during the childbearing age: A cross-sectional study","volume":"38","author":"Refaat\n \nB"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Indian J Pathol Oncol","first-page":"452\u20136","article-title":"Hematological changes in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism in adults","volume":"8","author":"Kadgi\n \nNV","year":"2021;"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"JK Science","first-page":"177\u201382","article-title":"Red blood cell indices and hypothyroidism","volume":"24","author":"Aparajita\n \nS"},{"issue":"(Suppl 2):","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"S361\u20133","article-title":"Etiology of anemia in primary hypothyroid subjects in a tertiary care center in Eastern India","volume":"16","author":"Das\n \nC"},{"issue":"(10):","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes","first-page":"572\u20134","article-title":"Could red cell distribution width be a marker in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis?","volume":"122","author":"Aktas\n \nG"},{"issue":"(288):","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"Pol Merkur Lekarski","first-page":"437\u201342","article-title":"Implementation of programmed cell death in circulating neutrophils and its special characteristics in experimentally induced hyperhomocysteinemia in a setting of thyroid dysfunction","volume":"48","author":"Nechyporuk\n \nV"},{"issue":"(188):","key":"CIT0024","series-title":"Pol Merkur Lekarski","first-page":"87\u201392","article-title":"The role of apoptosis in the etiopathogenesis of autoimmune thyroiditis","volume":"32","author":"\u0141acka\n \nK"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0025","series-title":"Int J Contemp Med Res","first-page":"661\u20135","article-title":"Haematological profile and body composition in hypothyroid patients","volume":"4","author":"Modala\n \nS","year":"2017;"},{"key":"CIT0026","series-title":"ISRN Endocrinol","first-page":"385940","article-title":"Thryroid hormones and hematological indices levels in thyroid disorders patients at Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Western Kenya","volume":"2013","author":"Iddah\n \nMA"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Int J Med Res Health Sci","first-page":"1\u20137","article-title":"Prevalence and association of thyroid dysfunction with anemia\/body iron status among Northern Border Saudi Population","volume":"9","author":"Suhail\n \nN","year":"2020;"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0028","series-title":"Clin Endocrinol (Oxf)","first-page":"304\u201311","article-title":"Significant association between thyroid hormones and erythrocyte indices in euthyroid subjects","volume":"76","author":"Bremner\n \nAP"},{"issue":"(79):","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"J Coll Basic Educ","first-page":"211\u20139","article-title":"Measurement of the normal range of thyroid gland & thyroid stimulating hormones in Iraqi population","volume":"19","author":"Kamel\n \nFH","year":"2022;"}],"container-title":["Qatar Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/view\/journals\/qmj\/2025\/3\/article-73.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/qmj\/2025\/3\/article-73.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/qmj\/2025\/3\/article-73.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:17:11Z","timestamp":1777310231000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/view\/journals\/qmj\/2025\/3\/article-73.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5339\/qmj.2025.73","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-0426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-0426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}