{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:53:46Z","timestamp":1777312426028,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Vitamin D deficiency is a widespread global public health concern. Although it is prevalent in the Middle East, available data remain limited. This gap in research leaves important questions unanswered regarding the exact prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its potential impact on the population health. This study aims to determine the prevalence of vitamin D status among individuals in Qatar during the SARS-COV-2 pandemic (2020), using a fully automated chemiluminescent immunoassay.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This epidemiological study included 1,000 participants selected from the Primary Health Care Corporation electronic medical record system. Random sampling was used to select the study sample, and data analysis was performed to determine prevalence by gender, age group, and patient\u2019s continent of origin. Serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] were interpreted according to the guidelines of The Endocrine Society. Levels were classified as follows: vitamin D deficiency (serum 25(OH)D&lt;20 ng\/mL), vitamin D insufficiency (20\u201329 ng\/mL), optimal levels (30\u201350 ng\/mL), and potential toxicity (&gt;50 ng\/mL).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The overall prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Qatar was 49.8%. While there was no significant variation by gender, the prevalence varied significantly across age groups (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.0001) and by patients\u2019 continent of origin (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.0001). Deficiency rates were highest in the 10\u201317 years age group (63%) and lowest among individuals aged &gt;60 years (24.7%). Additionally, the deficiency rates were highest among individuals from Asian countries (51.6%) and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region (49.8%), and lowest among those from America and Europe.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    This study reveals a high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Qatar, affecting nearly half of the population and showing significant variations across age groups and geographical backgrounds. Individuals from Asian and MENA regions were more affected than those from America and Europe, highlighting possible lifestyle or genetic influences. These findings are intended to guide public health interventions and support global efforts to address vitamin D deficiencies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2025.77","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T08:30:59Z","timestamp":1761640259000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessment of vitamin D deficiency in Qatar using Snibe-Maglumi X3 CLIA"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Nouran","family":"Zein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar*Correspondence: Gheyath Nasrallah gheyath.nasrallah@qu.edu.qa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Al-Mohannadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asmaa","family":"Al-Ghanim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nadin","family":"Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar*Correspondence: Gheyath Nasrallah gheyath.nasrallah@qu.edu.qa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salma","family":"Younes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar*Correspondence: Gheyath Nasrallah gheyath.nasrallah@qu.edu.qa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duaa","family":"Al-Sadeq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar*Correspondence: Gheyath Nasrallah gheyath.nasrallah@qu.edu.qa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaden","family":"Abunasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar*Correspondence: Gheyath Nasrallah gheyath.nasrallah@qu.edu.qa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Parveen","family":"B Nizamuddin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar*Correspondence: Gheyath Nasrallah gheyath.nasrallah@qu.edu.qa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reem","family":"Al-Jehani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maytha","family":"Al-Mohannadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9252-1038","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gheyath","family":"Nasrallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Member of QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar*Correspondence: Gheyath Nasrallah gheyath.nasrallah@qu.edu.qa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3277","reference":[{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Nutr Diabetes","first-page":"e263","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and association with metabolic syndrome in a Qatari population","volume":"7","author":"Al-Dabhani\n \nK","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"1325\u201332","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and HLA DRB1*04 cosegregation in Saudi type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"188","author":"Al-Daghri\n \nNM","year":"2012"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"127","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is inversely associated with monocyte percentage to HDL cholesterol ratio among young healthy adults in Qatar","volume":"13","author":"Mousa\n \nH","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"471\u20138","article-title":"Update in vitamin D","volume":"95","author":"Adams\n \nJS","year":"2010"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Endocr Rev","first-page":"726\u201376","article-title":"Vitamin D and human health: Lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice","volume":"29","author":"Bouillon\n \nR","year":"2008"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Zdr Varst","first-page":"182\u20139","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation during COVID-19 lockdown and after 20 months: Follow-up study on Slovenian women aged between 44 and 66","volume":"62","author":"Vi\u010di\u010d\n \nV","year":"2023"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"J King Saud Univ - Sci","first-page":"2016\u20139","article-title":"Vitamin D status and its correlation with parathyroid hormone level among population in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"32","author":"Al-Daghri\n \nNM","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"266-81","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick\n \nMF","year":"2007"},{"key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Front Nutr","first-page":"1242257","article-title":"Genetic determinants of vitamin D deficiency in the Middle Eastern Qatari population: A genome-wide association study","volume":"10","author":"Hendi\n \nNN","year":"2023"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol","first-page":"4\u20138","article-title":"Vitamin D physiology","volume":"92","author":"Lips\n \nP","year":"2006"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Clin Chem","first-page":"287\u201398","article-title":"Assay of vitamins D2 and D3, and 25-hydroxyvitamins D2 and D3 in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"24","author":"Jones\n \nG","year":"1978"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"1911\u201330","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick\n \nMF","year":"2011"},{"key":"CIT0013","series-title":"Official GMI Blog.","article-title":"(2025, March 20). Qatar Population Statistics 2025 [infographics]","author":"GMI Research TeamGMI\u2019s Research Team is a panel of knowledgeable experts from various fields such as digital marketing"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Epidemiological health assessment in primary healthcare in the state of qatar- 2019. Qatar Med J","first-page":"57","article-title":"et al","volume":"2021","author":"Al-Kuwar,\n \nMG","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"645","article-title":"Epidemiology of SARS-COV2 in Qatar\u2019s primary care population aged 10 years and above","volume":"21","author":"Syed\n \nMA","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(5)","key":"CIT0016","article-title":"(2009, July 17). Int J Health Care Quality Assurance","volume":"22","author":"Qatar - Qatar educating Middle East healthcare professionals to showcase the Gulf state\u2019s healthcare"},{"key":"CIT0017","series-title":"SSRN","first-page":"1\u201322","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a new chemiluminescent immunoassay for the laboratory diagnosis of treponemal antibodies","volume":"9;","author":"Nasrallah GK","year":"2024"},{"issue":"(8):","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"1286","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of three diagnostic assays for the detection of human Monkeypox","volume":"16","author":"Qu\n \nJ","year":"2024"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Dubai Med J","first-page":"141\u20135","article-title":"Evaluation of serum vitamin D levels according to gender and age at Karapinar City: A follow-up study from Turkey","volume":"2","author":"Kader\n \nS","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(8):","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"659\u201362","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency among free-living healthy young adults","volume":"112","author":"Tangpricha\n \nV","year":"2002"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"J Aging Res Lifestyle","first-page":"148\u201358","article-title":"The global epidemiology of Vitamin D status","volume":"3","author":"Edwards MH","year":"2014"},{"issue":"(12):","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"JBMR Plus","first-page":"e10585","article-title":"Trends in vitamin d status around the world","volume":"5","author":"Lips\n \nP","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(3\u20135):","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol","first-page":"620\u20135","article-title":"Vitamin D status and nutrition in Europe and Asia","volume":"103","author":"Lips\n \nP","year":"2007"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"CIT0024","series-title":"Healthcare (Basel)","first-page":"768","article-title":"Dietary intake and genetic background influence vitamin needs during pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Bertuccio\n \nMP","year":"2022"},{"key":"CIT0025","article-title":"Doha: Qatar Biobank;","author":"QBB. (rep.). Biobank Report 2018-2019","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0026","series-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord","first-page":"121\u201338","article-title":"Vitamin D and malabsorptive gastrointestinal conditions: A bidirectional relationship?","volume":"24","author":"Giustina\n \nA","year":"2023"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)","first-page":"420","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney disease and periodontitis","volume":"60","author":"Ganimusa\n \nI","year":"2024"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Nutr Diabetes","first-page":"e263","article-title":"Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and association with metabolic syndrome in a Qatari population","volume":"7","author":"Al-Dabhani\n \nK","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"J Immunol","first-page":"1325\u201332","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms and HLA DRB1*04 cosegregation in Saudi type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"188","author":"Al-Daghri\n \nNM","year":"2012"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Nutrients","first-page":"127","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D is inversely associated with monocyte percentage to HDL cholesterol ratio among young healthy adults in Qatar","volume":"13","author":"Mousa\n \nH","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"471\u20138","article-title":"Update in vitamin D","volume":"95","author":"Adams\n \nJS","year":"2010"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Endocr Rev","first-page":"726\u201376","article-title":"Vitamin D and human health: Lessons from vitamin D receptor null mice","volume":"29","author":"Bouillon\n \nR","year":"2008"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Zdr Varst","first-page":"182\u20139","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation during COVID-19 lockdown and after 20 months: Follow-up study on Slovenian women aged between 44 and 66","volume":"62","author":"Vi\u010di\u010d\n \nV","year":"2023"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"J King Saud Univ - Sci","first-page":"2016\u20139","article-title":"Vitamin D status and its correlation with parathyroid hormone level among population in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"32","author":"Al-Daghri\n \nNM","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"266-81","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick\n \nMF","year":"2007"},{"key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Front Nutr","first-page":"1242257","article-title":"Genetic determinants of vitamin D deficiency in the Middle Eastern Qatari population: A genome-wide association study","volume":"10","author":"Hendi\n \nNN","year":"2023"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Prog Biophys Mol Biol","first-page":"4\u20138","article-title":"Vitamin D physiology","volume":"92","author":"Lips\n \nP","year":"2006"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Clin Chem","first-page":"287\u201398","article-title":"Assay of vitamins D2 and D3, and 25-hydroxyvitamins D2 and D3 in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography","volume":"24","author":"Jones\n \nG","year":"1978"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab","first-page":"1911\u201330","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick\n \nMF","year":"2011"},{"key":"CIT0013","series-title":"Official GMI Blog.","article-title":"(2025, March 20). 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Int J Health Care Quality Assurance","volume":"22","author":"Qatar - Qatar educating Middle East healthcare professionals to showcase the Gulf state\u2019s healthcare"},{"key":"CIT0017","series-title":"SSRN","first-page":"1\u201322","article-title":"Performance evaluation of a new chemiluminescent immunoassay for the laboratory diagnosis of treponemal antibodies","volume":"9;","author":"Nasrallah GK","year":"2024"},{"issue":"(8):","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Viruses","first-page":"1286","article-title":"A comparative evaluation of three diagnostic assays for the detection of human Monkeypox","volume":"16","author":"Qu\n \nJ","year":"2024"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Dubai Med J","first-page":"141\u20135","article-title":"Evaluation of serum vitamin D levels according to gender and age at Karapinar City: A follow-up study from Turkey","volume":"2","author":"Kader\n \nS","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(8):","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"Am J Med","first-page":"659\u201362","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency among free-living healthy young adults","volume":"112","author":"Tangpricha\n \nV","year":"2002"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"J Aging Res Lifestyle","first-page":"148\u201358","article-title":"The global epidemiology of Vitamin D status","volume":"3","author":"Edwards MH","year":"2014"},{"issue":"(12):","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"JBMR Plus","first-page":"e10585","article-title":"Trends in vitamin d status around the world","volume":"5","author":"Lips\n \nP","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(3\u20135):","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol","first-page":"620\u20135","article-title":"Vitamin D status and nutrition in Europe and Asia","volume":"103","author":"Lips\n \nP","year":"2007"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"CIT0024","series-title":"Healthcare (Basel)","first-page":"768","article-title":"Dietary intake and genetic background influence vitamin needs during pregnancy","volume":"10","author":"Bertuccio\n \nMP","year":"2022"},{"key":"CIT0025","article-title":"Doha: Qatar Biobank;","author":"QBB. 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Biobank Report 2018-2019","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0026","series-title":"Rev Endocr Metab Disord","first-page":"121\u201338","article-title":"Vitamin D and malabsorptive gastrointestinal conditions: A bidirectional relationship?","volume":"24","author":"Giustina\n \nA","year":"2023"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Medicina (Kaunas)","first-page":"420","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney disease and periodontitis","volume":"60","author":"Ganimusa\n \nI","year":"2024"}],"container-title":["Qatar Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/view\/journals\/qmj\/2025\/3\/article-77.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/qmj\/2025\/3\/article-77.xml","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/downloadpdf\/journals\/qmj\/2025\/3\/article-77.xml","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:17:06Z","timestamp":1777310226000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.qscience.com\/view\/journals\/qmj\/2025\/3\/article-77.xml"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5339\/qmj.2025.77","relation":{},"ISSN":["2227-0426"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2227-0426","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}}}