{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,27]],"date-time":"2026-04-27T17:53:47Z","timestamp":1777312427739,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:bold>\n Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n is a common pathogenic parasite known to cause diarrhea in humans and animals, particularly in young children living in poor conditions. Although diarrheal disease is usually mild in immunocompetent individuals, it may progress into a life-threatening complication among the immunocompromised. Due to insensitive conventional diagnostic methods, the identification of\n Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n can be inaccurate and challenging. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis infection in Qatar by comparing four different diagnostic methods for detecting\n Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n in human stool samples.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n From January 2018 to December 2019, stool samples from patients with various gastrointestinal symptoms were collected at the microbiology laboratory at Hamad General Hospital in Qatar for parasitic detection. The stool samples were tested using four diagnostic methods: routine microscopy, immunochromatography (ICT), multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and modified Kinyoun\u2019s acid-fast stain (MKS).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n In the evaluation of the four different detection methods, 36 (18%) out of 205 stool samples tested positive for\n Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n , with detection rates of 18%, 15%, 7%, and 6% using PCR, ICT, MKS, and routine microscopy, respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n The superior sensitivity of PCR and ICT supports their integration into routine diagnostics to improve the detection and public health surveillance of cryptosporidiosis in Qatar.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2025.78","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T06:30:37Z","timestamp":1755757837000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of four diagnostic techniques for Cryptosporidium detection in Qatar"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0661-9707","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sallama","family":"Sabooni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8175-1898","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Husam","family":"Salah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2756-3164","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rajvir","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart hospital, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khloud","family":"Al-Qadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saad J.","family":"Taj-Aldeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Babylon, Iraq*Correspondence: Sallama Sabooni smustafa3@hamad.qa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8526-1028","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Emad","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3277","reference":[{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med","first-page":"12\u201313","article-title":"A sporozoan found in the peptic glands of the common mouse","volume":"5","author":"Tyzzer\n \nEE","year":"1907"},{"issue":"(13-14):","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"1099\u2013119","article-title":"Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia \u2013 a 50year perspective (1971-2021)","volume":"51","author":"Ryan\n \nUM","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Animals","first-page":"1\u201322","article-title":"An update on zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in humans","volume":"11","author":"Ryan\n \nU","year":"2021"},{"key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Front Public Health","first-page":"360","article-title":"Direct sequencing of Cryptosporidium in stool samples for public health","volume":"7","author":"Morris\n \nA","year":"2019"},{"key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Parasite","first-page":"14","article-title":"Update on Cryptosporidium spp.: Highlights from the Seventh International Giardia and Cryptosporidium Conference","volume":"27","author":"Widmer\n \nG","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"95","article-title":"Analysis of the Cryptosporidium spp. and gp60 subtypes linked to human outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, 2009 to 2017","volume":"12","author":"Chalmers\n \nRM","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(9888):","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"209\u201322","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): A prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff\n \nKL","year":"2013"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1800\u20132","article-title":"Unusual Cryptosporidium genotypes in human cases of diarrhea","volume":"14","author":"Robinson\n \nG","year":"2008"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"72\u201397","article-title":"Cryptosporidium taxonomy: Recent advances and implications for public health","volume":"17","author":"Xiao\n \nL","year":"2004"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"915\u201321","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in children in sub-Saharan Africa: A lingering challenge","volume":"47","author":"Mor\n \nSM","year":"2008"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003575","article-title":"Neglected Tropical diseases among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Overview and update","volume":"9","author":"Hotez\n \nPJ","year":"2015"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"225\u201330","article-title":"Public health assessment of potential biological terrorism agents","volume":"8","author":"Rotz\n \nLD","year":"2002"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"Gastroenterology","first-page":"592\u20138","article-title":"Acute enterocolitis in a human being infected with the protozoan Cryptosporidium","volume":"70","author":"Nime\n \nFA","year":"1976"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp)","first-page":"119\u201323","article-title":"Cryptosporidium infection: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and differential diagnosis","volume":"9","author":"Gerace\n \nE","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Trop Parasitol","first-page":"8\u201317","article-title":"Revisiting the global problem of cryptosporidiosis and recommendations","volume":"7","author":"Shrivastava\n \nAK","year":"2017"},{"key":"CIT0016","series-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol","first-page":"7343","article-title":"Molecular analysis of the enteric protozoa associated with acute diarrhea in hospitalized children","author":"Boughattas\n \nS","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(10):","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0007750","article-title":"Cryptosporidium spp., prevalence, molecular characterisation and socio-demographic risk factors among immigrants in Qatar","volume":"13","author":"Boughattas\n \nS","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"BMC Infect Dis","first-page":"370","article-title":"A decade of intestinal protozoan epidemiology among settled immigrants in Qatar","volume":"16","author":"Abu-Madi\n \nMA","year":"2016"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"115\u201334","article-title":"Cryptosporidium pathogenicity and virulence","volume":"26","author":"Bouzid\n \nM","year":"2013"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"195","article-title":"Cryptosporidium and Giardia in Africa: Current and future challenges","volume":"10","author":"Squire\n \nSA","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis","first-page":"210","article-title":"Occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection and associated risk factors among HIV-infected patients attending art clinics in the central region of Ghana","volume":"6","author":"Dankwa\n \nK","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"e00025-17","article-title":"Laboratory diagnosis of parasites from the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"31","author":"Garcia\n \nLS","year":"2018"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0023","series-title":"J Clin Microbiol","first-page":"712\u201320","article-title":"Detection of intestinal protozoa in the clinical laboratory","volume":"52","author":"McHardy\n \nIH","year":"2014"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0024","series-title":"Trop Parasitol","first-page":"41\u20136","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium in stool samples of immunocompromised patients","volume":"7","author":"Vanathy\n \nK","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0025","series-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol","first-page":"e10284","article-title":"Immunofluorescence assay and PCR analysis of Cryptosporidium oocysts and species from human feacal specimens","volume":"7","author":"Vejdani\n \nM","year":"2014"},{"key":"CIT0026","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"14\u201320","article-title":"Comparison of diagnostic techniques for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in animal samples","volume":"151-152","author":"Mirhashemi\n \nME","year":"2015"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Ital J Anim Sci","first-page":"1059\u201364","article-title":"Evaluation of three commercial rapid kits to detect Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrhoeic calf stool","volume":"17","author":"Papini\n \nR","year":"2018"},{"key":"CIT0028","series-title":"Parasite","first-page":"5","article-title":"Selecting a multiplex PCR panel for accurate molecular diagnosis of intestinal protists: A comparative study of Allplex\u00ae(Seegene\u00ae), G-DiaParaTrio (Diagenode\u00ae), and RIDA\u00aeGENE (R-Biopharm\u00ae) assays and microscopic examination","volume":"29","author":"Argy\n \nN","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"Microbiol Spectr","first-page":"e0053122","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel commercial real-time PCR assay for the simultaneous detection of Cryptosporidium spp., Giardia duodenalis, and Entamoeba histolytica","volume":"10","author":"Dashti\n \nA","year":"2022"},{"key":"CIT0030","series-title":"Infect Genet Evol","first-page":"127\u201330","article-title":"Prevalence of Cryptosporidium species and subtypes in paediatric oncology and non-oncology patients with diarrhoea in Jordan","volume":"55","author":"Hijjawi\n \nN","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0031","series-title":"Vet World","first-page":"183\u20139","article-title":"First report and molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. in humans and animals in Khartoum state, Sudan","volume":"12","author":"Adam\n \nKY","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(21):","key":"CIT0032","series-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries","first-page":"34S","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium spp. in North Lebanon","volume":"12","author":"Osman\n \nM","year":"2018"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0033","series-title":"African J Infect Dis","first-page":"1\u20136","article-title":"Detection of water-borne parasites in drinking water of Baghdad, Iraq","volume":"12","author":"Baqer\n \nNN","year":"2018"},{"issue":"(9):","key":"CIT0034","series-title":"Isr Med Assoc J","first-page":"589\u201394","article-title":"Epidemiologic surveillance in Israel of Cryptosporidium, a unique waterborne notifiable pathogen, and public health 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Lab Med","first-page":"999\u20131005","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of Seegene allplex gastrointestinal, luminex xTAG gastrointestinal pathogen panel, and BD MAX enteric assays for detection of gastrointestinal pathogens in clinical stool specimens","volume":"143","author":"Yoo\n \nJ","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"CIT0043","series-title":"Korean J Parasitol","first-page":"479\u201385","article-title":"Prevalence of Cryptosporidium-associated diarrhea in a high altitude\u2013community of Saudi Arabia detected by conventional and molecular methods","volume":"52","author":"Hawash\n \nY","year":"2014"},{"key":"CIT0044","series-title":"J Parasitol Res","first-page":"8076274","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among patients of King Fahd Medical City in Riyadh Region, Saudi Arabia: A 5-year retrospective study","volume":"2018","author":"Amer\n \nOSO","year":"2018"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0045","series-title":"Trop Biomed","first-page":"190\u2013206","article-title":"Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among communities living in different habitats and its comparison with one hundred and one studies conducted over the past 42 years (1970 to 2013) in Malaysia","volume":"31","author":"Sinniah\n \nB","year":"2014"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0046","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"e00087-19","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of human cryptosporidiosis in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"34","author":"Yang\n \nX","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0047","series-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","first-page":"160\u20133","article-title":"The prevalence of Cryptosporidium among children hospitalized because of gastrointestinal symptoms and the efficiency of diagnostic methods for Cryptosporidium","volume":"101","author":"Shaposhnik\n \nEG","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0048","series-title":"Trop Parasitol","first-page":"18\u201322","article-title":"Prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in symptomatic immunocompetent children and comparative evaluation of its diagnosis by Ziehl-Neelsen staining and antigen detection techniques","volume":"9","author":"Saha\n \nR","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0049","series-title":"Trop Geogr Med","first-page":"113\u20138","article-title":"Cryptosporidium gastroenteritis in immunocompetent children from Kuwait","volume":"42","author":"Daoud\n \nAS","year":"1990"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"CIT0050","series-title":"Ann Saudi Med","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325\u201332","DOI":"10.5144\/0256-4947.2007.325","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in Saudi Arabia and neighboring countries","volume":"27","author":"Areeshi\n \nMY","year":"2007"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"CIT0051","series-title":"Indian Pediatr","first-page":"906\u20138","article-title":"Cryptosporidium in children with diarrhea: A hospital-based study","volume":"51","author":"Bera\n \nP","year":"2014"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0052","series-title":"Lancet Infect Dis","first-page":"85\u201394","article-title":"A review of the global burden, novel diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccine targets for Cryptosporidium","volume":"15","author":"Checkley\n \nW","year":"2015"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"CIT0053","series-title":"American Society for Microbiology (ASM)","first-page":"3044\u20135","article-title":"Multiple stool examinations for ova and parasites and rate of false-negative results. 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Evaluation of a new","volume":"22","author":"Laude\n \nA","year":"2016"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med","first-page":"12\u201313","article-title":"A sporozoan found in the peptic glands of the common mouse","volume":"5","author":"Tyzzer\n \nEE","year":"1907"},{"issue":"(13-14):","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"Int J Parasitol","first-page":"1099\u2013119","article-title":"Taxonomy and molecular epidemiology of Cryptosporidium and Giardia \u2013 a 50year perspective (1971-2021)","volume":"51","author":"Ryan\n \nUM","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Animals","first-page":"1\u201322","article-title":"An update on zoonotic Cryptosporidium species and genotypes in humans","volume":"11","author":"Ryan\n \nU","year":"2021"},{"key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Front Public Health","first-page":"360","article-title":"Direct sequencing of Cryptosporidium in stool samples for public health","volume":"7","author":"Morris\n \nA","year":"2019"},{"key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Parasite","first-page":"14","article-title":"Update on Cryptosporidium spp.: Highlights from the Seventh International Giardia and Cryptosporidium Conference","volume":"27","author":"Widmer\n \nG","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Parasit Vectors","first-page":"95","article-title":"Analysis of the Cryptosporidium spp. and gp60 subtypes linked to human outbreaks of cryptosporidiosis in England and Wales, 2009 to 2017","volume":"12","author":"Chalmers\n \nRM","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(9888):","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"209\u201322","article-title":"Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): A prospective, case-control study","volume":"382","author":"Kotloff\n \nKL","year":"2013"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Emerg Infect Dis","first-page":"1800\u20132","article-title":"Unusual Cryptosporidium genotypes in human cases of diarrhea","volume":"14","author":"Robinson\n \nG","year":"2008"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev","first-page":"72\u201397","article-title":"Cryptosporidium taxonomy: Recent advances and implications for public health","volume":"17","author":"Xiao\n \nL","year":"2004"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Clin Infect Dis","first-page":"915\u201321","article-title":"Cryptosporidiosis in children in sub-Saharan Africa: A lingering challenge","volume":"47","author":"Mor\n \nSM","year":"2008"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis","first-page":"e0003575","article-title":"Neglected Tropical diseases among the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN): Overview and update","volume":"9","author":"Hotez\n \nPJ","year":"2015"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Emerg Infect 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Parasitol","first-page":"41\u20136","article-title":"Detection of Cryptosporidium in stool samples of immunocompromised patients","volume":"7","author":"Vanathy\n \nK","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0025","series-title":"Jundishapur J Microbiol","first-page":"e10284","article-title":"Immunofluorescence assay and PCR analysis of Cryptosporidium oocysts and species from human feacal specimens","volume":"7","author":"Vejdani\n \nM","year":"2014"},{"key":"CIT0026","series-title":"Exp Parasitol","first-page":"14\u201320","article-title":"Comparison of diagnostic techniques for the detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts in animal samples","volume":"151-152","author":"Mirhashemi\n \nME","year":"2015"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Ital J Anim Sci","first-page":"1059\u201364","article-title":"Evaluation of three commercial rapid kits to detect Cryptosporidium parvum in diarrhoeic calf stool","volume":"17","author":"Papini\n 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