{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T19:29:20Z","timestamp":1779910160478,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives:<\/jats:bold>\n This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and short-term outcomes of primary nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) in extremely preterm (EP) infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n A retrospective case\u2013control study was conducted at the Women\u2019s Wellness and Research Center in Qatar, from January 2017 to December 2019. Primary NIPPV success was defined as the absence of surfactant administration or mechanical ventilation within the first 72 hours of life.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Results:<\/jats:bold>\n Of 367 infants requiring respiratory support at birth, 69 were managed with primary NIPPV. Among them, 62.3% succeeded (NIPPV-S) and 37.7% failed (NIPPV-F). Birth weights (956 g vs. 937 g) and gestational ages (26.3 weeks vs. 26.2 weeks) were similar between groups. NIPPV-S babies had more vaginal deliveries (48.8% vs. 19.2%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.014), higher arterial pH levels (7.36 vs. 7.29,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), lower initial FiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (27.8% vs. 35.3%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), and less severe RDS (2.5% vs. 28.6%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.006). They also received caffeine earlier (2.6 hours vs. 4.3 hours,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.042) and were more often in room air at day 28 (34.9% vs. 8.2%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.016). In the NIPPV-F group, 65% were intubated within 12 hours. NIPPV-S infants also had lower rates of brain injury (14.6% vs. 45.8%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.006) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (18.6% vs. 41.7%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.041), with a trend towards reduced death or severe BPD (2.3% vs. 15.4%,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.063). Multivariate analysis identified admission FiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n less than 0.4, vaginal delivery, and normal fetal Doppler as significant predictors of NIPPV success.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:bold>\n Among EP infants managed with primary NIPPV, success within the first 72 hours was associated with lower initial FiO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , vaginal delivery, and normal fetal Doppler findings. EP infants who succeeded on NIPPV had less severe RDS and better outcomes, including lower rates of brain injury and BPD. Early identification of infants likely to succeed may improve clinical outcomes.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2025.94","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T05:30:40Z","timestamp":1757568640000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predictors and outcomes of successful primary nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in extremely preterm infants: A retrospective observational study"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2025","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5341-400X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ratheesh","family":"Paramban","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women\u2019s Wellness and Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar*Address for Correspondence: Ashraf Gad agad2@hamad.qa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9023-7950","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jojo","family":"Furigay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women\u2019s Wellness and Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar*Address for Correspondence: Ashraf Gad agad2@hamad.qa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5717-9764","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sabry","family":"Nasr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women\u2019s Wellness and Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar*Address for Correspondence: Ashraf Gad agad2@hamad.qa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihad Al","family":"Shouli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women\u2019s Wellness and Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar*Address for Correspondence: Ashraf Gad agad2@hamad.qa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9158-2696","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ashraf","family":"Gad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Critical Care, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Women\u2019s Wellness and Research Center, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar*Address for Correspondence: Ashraf Gad agad2@hamad.qa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3277","reference":[{"issue":"(11);","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med","first-page":"1267-72","article-title":"Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: Are risk factors the same in preterm and term infants?","volume":"30","author":"Cond\u00f2\n \nV","year":"2017"},{"key":"CIT0002","article-title":"Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. 2023 Jul 25. StatPearls [Online]","author":"Yadav\n \nS","year":"2024"},{"issue":"(10079);","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1649-59","article-title":"The evolution of modern respiratory care for preterm infants","volume":"\u0662;389","author":"Owen\n \nLS","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(1);","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia.","volume":"5","author":"Th\u00e9baud\n \nB","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(11);","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Am J Perinatol","first-page":"1076-8","article-title":"Mechanisms of lung injury and bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"33","author":"Jobe\n \nAH\n.","year":"2016"},{"issue":"(11);","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol","first-page":"2940-63","article-title":"Efficacy of noninvasive respiratory support modes for primary respiratory support in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: Systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Ramaswamy\n \nVV","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(2);","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Iran J Pediatr","first-page":"2","article-title":"Comparison of complications and efficacy of NIPPV and nasal CPAP in preterm infants with RDS","volume":"26","author":"Esmaeilnia\n \nT","year":"2016"},{"issue":"(11);","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Deutsch Arztebl Int","first-page":"11","article-title":"Non-invasive ventilation in neonatology","volume":"116","author":"Behnke\n \nJ","year":"2019"},{"key":"CIT0009","series-title":"nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation as initial treatment after birth in extremely preterm infants. Front Pediatr","first-page":"870125","article-title":"Nasal continuous positive airway pressure vs.","volume":"10:","author":"Kostekci\n \nYE","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(2);","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Children (Basel)","first-page":"2","article-title":"Non-invasive ventilatory strategies to decrease bronchopulmonary dysplasia\u2014where are we in 2021?","volume":"8","author":"Dumpa\n \nV","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(7);","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"7","article-title":"Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm infants","volume":"7","author":"Lemyre\n \nB","year":"2023"},{"key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Avery\u2019s diseases of the newborn. WB Saunders;","first-page":"p. 687\u201303.","article-title":"Respiratory distress in the preterm infant. In:","author":"Welty\n \nS","year":"2005"},{"issue":"(1);","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"1-10","article-title":"A controlled clinical trial of effects of water mist on obstructive respiratory signs, death rate and necropsy findings among premature infants","volume":"17","author":"Silverman\n \nWA","year":"1956"},{"issue":"(7);","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Cochran Database Syst Rev","first-page":"7","article-title":"Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm neonates after extubation","volume":"7","author":"Lemyre\n \nB","year":"2023"},{"issue":"(8);","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"J Perinatol","first-page":"505-12","article-title":"Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in the newborn: Review of literature and evidence-based guidelines","volume":"30","author":"Bhandari\n \nV","year":"2010"},{"issue":"(7);","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"611-20","article-title":"A trial comparing noninvasive ventilation strategies in preterm infants","volume":"369","author":"Kirpalani\n \nH","year":"2013"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed","first-page":"F323-8","article-title":"Nasal continuous positive airway pressure versus nasal intermittent positive-pressure ventilation within the minimally invasive surfactant therapy approach in preterm infants: A randomised controlled trial.","volume":"101","author":"Oncel\n \nMY","year":"2016"},{"issue":"(5);","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"J Perinatol","first-page":"336-43","article-title":"Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation after surfactant treatment for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants <30 weeks\u2019 gestation: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Ramanathan\n \nR","year":"2012"},{"issue":"(7);","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol","first-page":"673-8","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, controlled study of NIPPV versus nCPAP in preterm and term infants with respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Shi\n \nY","year":"2014"},{"issue":"(9);","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"Acta Paediatr","first-page":"1412-5","article-title":"Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation versus continuous positive airway pressure for respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Sai Sunil Kishore\n \nM","year":"2009"},{"issue":"(2);","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"300-7","article-title":"Noninvasive ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"127","author":"Meneses\n \nJ","year":"2011"},{"issue":"(1);","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Noninvasive ventilation for preterm twin neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Chen\n \nL","year":"2015"},{"key":"CIT0023","series-title":"Resuscitation","first-page":"33\u20138","article-title":"Decrease in delivery room intubation rates after use of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in the delivery room for resuscitation of very low birth weight infants","volume":"116","author":"Biniwale\n \nM","year":"2017"},{"key":"CIT0024","series-title":"Front Pediatr","first-page":"1098971","article-title":"Failure of early non-invasive ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome in current care practice in Spanish level-III neonatal intensive care units \u2013 a prospective observational study.","volume":"11","author":"Boix\n \nH","year":"2023"},{"key":"CIT0025","series-title":"J Neonatal Perinatal Med","first-page":"1\u20136","article-title":"Risk factors for noninvasive ventilation failure in preterm infants <30 weeks of gestation with respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"2023","author":"Yazici\n \nA"},{"issue":"(10);","key":"CIT0026","series-title":"J Perinatol","first-page":"754-60","article-title":"Factors affecting nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation failure and impact on bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates","volume":"34","author":"Mehta\n \nP","year":"2014"},{"issue":"(8);","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Int J Prev Med","first-page":"1045-53","article-title":"Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation or conventional mechanical ventilation for neonatal continuous positive airway pressure failure","volume":"5","author":"Badiee\n \nZ","year":"2014"},{"issue":"(6);","key":"CIT0028","series-title":"Arch Pediatr","first-page":"322-7","article-title":"Comparison of three different noninvasive ventilation strategies as initial respiratory support in very low birth weight infants with respiratory distress syndrome: A retrospective study.","volume":"27","author":"Buyuktiryaki\n \nM","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(3);","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"Children (Basel)","first-page":"3","article-title":"Incidence, predictors and outcomes of noninvasive ventilation failure in very preterm infants","volume":"9","author":"Fernandez-Gonzalez\n \nSM","year":"2022"},{"key":"CIT0030","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"109\u201316","article-title":"Predictors and outcomes of early intubation in infants born at 28\u201336 weeks of gestation receiving noninvasive respiratory support","volume":"216","author":"Roberts\n \nCT","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(3);","key":"CIT0031","series-title":"J Perinatol","first-page":"311-6","article-title":"Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation as a rescue therapy after nasal continuous positive airway pressure failure in infants with respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Ishigami\n \nAC","year":"2023"},{"issue":"(20);","key":"CIT0032","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2112-21","article-title":"Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity.","volume":"354","author":"Schmidt\n \nB","year":"2006"},{"issue":"(1);","key":"CIT0033","series-title":"JAMA Pediatr","first-page":"33-8","article-title":"Association of early caffeine administration and neonatal outcomes in very preterm neonates.","volume":"169","author":"Lodha\n \nA","year":"2015"},{"issue":"(2);","key":"CIT0034","series-title":"J Perinatol","first-page":"134-40","article-title":"Early caffeine therapy and clinical outcomes in extremely preterm infants","volume":"33","author":"Patel\n \nRM","year":"2013"},{"issue":"(2);","key":"CIT0035","series-title":"Egypt J Hosp Med","first-page":"257-64","article-title":"Prevalence of respiratory distress syndrome in neonates","volume":"70","author":"Qari\n \nSA","year":"2018"},{"issue":"(4);","key":"CIT0036","series-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med","first-page":"377-9","article-title":"Neonatal respiratory morbidity in late-preterm births in pregnancies with and without gestational diabetes mellitus.","volume":"30","author":"Bricelj\n \nK","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(3);","key":"CIT0037","series-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet","first-page":"503-17","article-title":"Cesarean section and the risk of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: A meta-analysis","volume":"300","author":"Li\n \nY","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(1);","key":"CIT0038","series-title":"Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Validity of foetal Doppler indices in predicting postnatal respiratory distress syndrome: A prospective study","volume":"53","author":"Keshuraj\n \nV","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(5);","key":"CIT0039","series-title":"Int J Contemp Pediatr","first-page":"466-72","article-title":"Neonatal outcome of abnormal versus normal antenatal Doppler in high-risk pregnancies","volume":"9","author":"Sasi\n \nN","year":"2022"},{"key":"CIT0040","series-title":"ISRN Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"957180","article-title":"Postnatal systemic blood flow in neonates with abnormal fetal umbilical artery Doppler","volume":"2014","author":"Olsen\n \nRN","year":"2014"},{"issue":"(11);","key":"CIT0041","series-title":"Arch Iran Med","first-page":"724-31","article-title":"Predictors of success rate in different initial respiratory supports in very low birthweight infants with respiratory distress.","volume":"23","author":"Fallahi\n \nM","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(5);","key":"CIT0042","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"521-6","article-title":"Nasal intermittent mandatory ventilation versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure for respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized, controlled, prospective study","volume":"150","author":"Kugelman\n \nA","year":"2007"},{"issue":"(11);","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med","first-page":"1267-72","article-title":"Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: Are risk factors the same in preterm and term infants?","volume":"30","author":"Cond\u00f2\n \nV","year":"2017"},{"key":"CIT0002","article-title":"Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome. 2023 Jul 25. StatPearls [Online]","author":"Yadav\n \nS","year":"2024"},{"issue":"(10079);","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Lancet","first-page":"1649-59","article-title":"The evolution of modern respiratory care for preterm infants","volume":"\u0662;389","author":"Owen\n \nLS","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(1);","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers","first-page":"1","article-title":"Bronchopulmonary dysplasia.","volume":"5","author":"Th\u00e9baud\n \nB","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(11);","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Am J Perinatol","first-page":"1076-8","article-title":"Mechanisms of lung injury and bronchopulmonary dysplasia","volume":"33","author":"Jobe\n \nAH\n.","year":"2016"},{"issue":"(11);","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol","first-page":"2940-63","article-title":"Efficacy of noninvasive respiratory support modes for primary respiratory support in preterm neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: Systematic review and network meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Ramaswamy\n \nVV","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(2);","key":"CIT0007","series-title":"Iran J Pediatr","first-page":"2","article-title":"Comparison of complications and efficacy of NIPPV and nasal CPAP in preterm infants with RDS","volume":"26","author":"Esmaeilnia\n \nT","year":"2016"},{"issue":"(11);","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Deutsch Arztebl Int","first-page":"11","article-title":"Non-invasive ventilation in neonatology","volume":"116","author":"Behnke\n \nJ","year":"2019"},{"key":"CIT0009","series-title":"nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation as initial treatment after birth in extremely preterm infants. Front Pediatr","first-page":"870125","article-title":"Nasal continuous positive airway pressure vs.","volume":"10:","author":"Kostekci\n \nYE","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(2);","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Children (Basel)","first-page":"2","article-title":"Non-invasive ventilatory strategies to decrease bronchopulmonary dysplasia\u2014where are we in 2021?","volume":"8","author":"Dumpa\n \nV","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(7);","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev","first-page":"7","article-title":"Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm infants","volume":"7","author":"Lemyre\n \nB","year":"2023"},{"key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Avery\u2019s diseases of the newborn. WB Saunders;","first-page":"p. 687\u201303.","article-title":"Respiratory distress in the preterm infant. In:","author":"Welty\n \nS","year":"2005"},{"issue":"(1);","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"1-10","article-title":"A controlled clinical trial of effects of water mist on obstructive respiratory signs, death rate and necropsy findings among premature infants","volume":"17","author":"Silverman\n \nWA","year":"1956"},{"issue":"(7);","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Cochran Database Syst Rev","first-page":"7","article-title":"Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) for preterm neonates after extubation","volume":"7","author":"Lemyre\n \nB","year":"2023"},{"issue":"(8);","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"J Perinatol","first-page":"505-12","article-title":"Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in the newborn: Review of literature and evidence-based guidelines","volume":"30","author":"Bhandari\n \nV","year":"2010"},{"issue":"(7);","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"611-20","article-title":"A trial comparing noninvasive ventilation strategies in preterm infants","volume":"369","author":"Kirpalani\n \nH","year":"2013"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed","first-page":"F323-8","article-title":"Nasal continuous positive airway pressure versus nasal intermittent positive-pressure ventilation within the minimally invasive surfactant therapy approach in preterm infants: A randomised controlled trial.","volume":"101","author":"Oncel\n \nMY","year":"2016"},{"issue":"(5);","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"J Perinatol","first-page":"336-43","article-title":"Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation after surfactant treatment for respiratory distress syndrome in preterm infants <30 weeks\u2019 gestation: A randomized, controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Ramanathan\n \nR","year":"2012"},{"issue":"(7);","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Pediatr Pulmonol","first-page":"673-8","article-title":"A prospective, randomized, controlled study of NIPPV versus nCPAP in preterm and term infants with respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"49","author":"Shi\n \nY","year":"2014"},{"issue":"(9);","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"Acta Paediatr","first-page":"1412-5","article-title":"Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation versus continuous positive airway pressure for respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"98","author":"Sai Sunil Kishore\n \nM","year":"2009"},{"issue":"(2);","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"Pediatrics","first-page":"300-7","article-title":"Noninvasive ventilation for respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"127","author":"Meneses\n \nJ","year":"2011"},{"issue":"(1);","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"Sci Rep","first-page":"1","article-title":"Noninvasive ventilation for preterm twin neonates with respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"5","author":"Chen\n \nL","year":"2015"},{"key":"CIT0023","series-title":"Resuscitation","first-page":"33\u20138","article-title":"Decrease in delivery room intubation rates after use of nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation in the delivery room for resuscitation of very low birth weight infants","volume":"116","author":"Biniwale\n \nM","year":"2017"},{"key":"CIT0024","series-title":"Front Pediatr","first-page":"1098971","article-title":"Failure of early non-invasive ventilation in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome in current care practice in Spanish level-III neonatal intensive care units \u2013 a prospective observational study.","volume":"11","author":"Boix\n \nH","year":"2023"},{"key":"CIT0025","series-title":"J Neonatal Perinatal Med","first-page":"1\u20136","article-title":"Risk factors for noninvasive ventilation failure in preterm infants <30 weeks of gestation with respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"2023","author":"Yazici\n \nA"},{"issue":"(10);","key":"CIT0026","series-title":"J Perinatol","first-page":"754-60","article-title":"Factors affecting nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation failure and impact on bronchopulmonary dysplasia in neonates","volume":"34","author":"Mehta\n \nP","year":"2014"},{"issue":"(8);","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Int J Prev Med","first-page":"1045-53","article-title":"Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation or conventional mechanical ventilation for neonatal continuous positive airway pressure failure","volume":"5","author":"Badiee\n \nZ","year":"2014"},{"issue":"(6);","key":"CIT0028","series-title":"Arch Pediatr","first-page":"322-7","article-title":"Comparison of three different noninvasive ventilation strategies as initial respiratory support in very low birth weight infants with respiratory distress syndrome: A retrospective study.","volume":"27","author":"Buyuktiryaki\n \nM","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(3);","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"Children (Basel)","first-page":"3","article-title":"Incidence, predictors and outcomes of noninvasive ventilation failure in very preterm infants","volume":"9","author":"Fernandez-Gonzalez\n \nSM","year":"2022"},{"key":"CIT0030","series-title":"J Pediatr","first-page":"109\u201316","article-title":"Predictors and outcomes of early intubation in infants born at 28\u201336 weeks of gestation receiving noninvasive respiratory support","volume":"216","author":"Roberts\n \nCT","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(3);","key":"CIT0031","series-title":"J Perinatol","first-page":"311-6","article-title":"Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation as a rescue therapy after nasal continuous positive airway pressure failure in infants with respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"43","author":"Ishigami\n \nAC","year":"2023"},{"issue":"(20);","key":"CIT0032","series-title":"N Engl J Med","first-page":"2112-21","article-title":"Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity.","volume":"354","author":"Schmidt\n \nB","year":"2006"},{"issue":"(1);","key":"CIT0033","series-title":"JAMA Pediatr","first-page":"33-8","article-title":"Association of early caffeine administration and neonatal outcomes in very preterm neonates.","volume":"169","author":"Lodha\n \nA","year":"2015"},{"issue":"(2);","key":"CIT0034","series-title":"J Perinatol","first-page":"134-40","article-title":"Early caffeine therapy and clinical outcomes in extremely preterm infants","volume":"33","author":"Patel\n \nRM","year":"2013"},{"issue":"(2);","key":"CIT0035","series-title":"Egypt J Hosp Med","first-page":"257-64","article-title":"Prevalence of respiratory distress syndrome in neonates","volume":"70","author":"Qari\n \nSA","year":"2018"},{"issue":"(4);","key":"CIT0036","series-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med","first-page":"377-9","article-title":"Neonatal respiratory morbidity in late-preterm births in pregnancies with and without gestational diabetes mellitus.","volume":"30","author":"Bricelj\n \nK","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(3);","key":"CIT0037","series-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet","first-page":"503-17","article-title":"Cesarean section and the risk of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome: A meta-analysis","volume":"300","author":"Li\n \nY","year":"2019"},{"issue":"(1);","key":"CIT0038","series-title":"Egypt J Radiol Nucl Med","first-page":"1","article-title":"Validity of foetal Doppler indices in predicting postnatal respiratory distress syndrome: A prospective study","volume":"53","author":"Keshuraj\n \nV","year":"2022"},{"issue":"(5);","key":"CIT0039","series-title":"Int J Contemp Pediatr","first-page":"466-72","article-title":"Neonatal outcome of abnormal versus normal antenatal Doppler in high-risk pregnancies","volume":"9","author":"Sasi\n \nN","year":"2022"},{"key":"CIT0040","series-title":"ISRN Obstet Gynecol","first-page":"957180","article-title":"Postnatal systemic blood flow in neonates with abnormal fetal umbilical artery 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