{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:04:20Z","timestamp":1789103060520,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Emergence delirium (ED) in pediatric patients can result in bodily harms, maladaptive changes, and longer post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) stays. The incidence of ED varies in pediatric patients depending on various factors such as age, type of anesthesia, type of surgery, pain, and the choice of diagnostic tools. Various pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods have been used to reduce its incidence postoperatively. This study aims to investigate the role of a fixed dose of intravenous dexmedetomidine in preventing ED in pediatric patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Approval from the institutional ethical committee was obtained for this randomized controlled trial. Inclusion criteria included pediatric patients aged between 2 and 12 years, with ASA scores ranging from 1 to 3, who were scheduled to undergo general anesthesia for a surgical procedure. The intervention group received 20 ml of 0.2 mcg\/kg dexmedetomidine intravenously over a period of 20 minutes before the end of the operation. In contrast, the control group received 20 ml of 0.9% saline. The primary outcome measure of this study was the incidence of ED in the PACU. All data collected during the study were entered and analyzed using the SPSS 22.0 statistical package program.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A total of 66 patients were included in the study. All baseline characteristics of both groups were similar. The incidence of ED in the control group was 42% (14\/33), whereas it was 15% (5\/33) in the dexmedetomidine group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.014).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    The use of 0.2 mcg\/kg intravenous dexmedetomidine reduces the incidence of ED in patients undergoing general anesthesia with sevoflurane.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2025.95","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T05:30:40Z","timestamp":1757568640000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of fixed-dose intravenous dexmedetomidine on emergence delirium after general anesthesia for a surgery in pediatric patients \u2013 A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2025","author":[{"given":"Anwar ul","family":"Huda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia*Correspondence: Anwar ul Huda hudaanwar90@yahoo.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Yasir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia*Correspondence: Anwar ul Huda hudaanwar90@yahoo.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad Zulqarnain","family":"Mughal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia*Correspondence: Anwar ul Huda hudaanwar90@yahoo.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asim","family":"Arif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Security Forces Hospital, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia*Correspondence: Anwar ul Huda hudaanwar90@yahoo.com"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3277","reference":[{"issue":"(9):","key":"CIT0001","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","first-page":"942\u201350","article-title":"Characterizing the behavior of children emerging with delirium from general anesthesia","volume":"21","author":"Malarbi\n \nS","year":"2011"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0002","series-title":"Curr Opin Anaesthesiol","first-page":"309\u201315","article-title":"Emergence delirium in children: An update","volume":"27","author":"Dahmani\n \nS","year":"2014"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0003","series-title":"Anesthesiol Clin","first-page":"1\u201323","article-title":"Preoperative anxiety management, emergence delirium, and postoperative behavior","volume":"32","author":"Banchs\n \nRJ","year":"2014"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0004","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"84\u201391","article-title":"Emergence delirium in children: Many questions, few 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delirium in Asian children using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale","volume":"19","author":"Bong\n \nCL","year":"2009"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1004\u201310","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine infusion for analgesia and prevention of emergence agitation in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy","volume":"111","author":"Patel\n \nA","year":"2010"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Child Neuropsychol","first-page":"203\u201310","article-title":"Measurement tool for preoperative anxiety in young children: The Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale","volume":"1","author":"Kain\n \nZN","year":"1995"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"783\u20138","article-title":"The Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale: How does it compare with a \u201cgold standard\u201d?","volume":"85","author":"Kain\n \nZN","year":"1997"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Signa Vitae","first-page":"10\u201320","article-title":"Postoperative emergence delirium in children: A narrative review of recent publications","volume":"17","author":"Grotmol\n \nOG","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"BJA Educ","first-page":"30\u20133","article-title":"Emergence delirium after paediatric anaesthesia: New strategies in avoidance and treatment","volume":"18","author":"Nair\n \nS","year":"2018"},{"issue":"(9):","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","first-page":"1020\u20136","article-title":"Emergence delirium in children undergoing dental surgery under general anesthesia","volume":"30","author":"Jooma\n \nZ","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(10):","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","first-page":"944\u201350","article-title":"Emergence delirium and postoperative pain in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy: A comparison of propofol vs sevoflurane anesthesia","volume":"20","author":"Pieters\n \nBJ","year":"2010"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"1138\u201345","article-title":"Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale","volume":"100","author":"Sikich\n \nN","year":"2004"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","first-page":"419\u201324","article-title":"Emergence agitation in paediatric patients after sevoflurane anaesthesia and no surgery: A comparison with halothane","volume":"10","author":"Cravero\n \nJ","year":"2000"},{"issue":"(8):","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","first-page":"704\u201311","article-title":"A comparison of emergence delirium scales following general anesthesia in children","volume":"20","author":"Bajwa\n \nSA","year":"2010"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","first-page":"301\u20138","article-title":"Emergence delirium in children: A comparison 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children","volume":"60","author":"Chen\n \nJY","year":"2013"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0027","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"335\u201343","article-title":"Paediatric emergence delirium: A comprehensive review and interpretation of the literature","volume":"118","author":"Mason\n \nKP","year":"2017"},{"key":"CIT0028","series-title":"J Anesth","first-page":"4\u201311","article-title":"Lower incidence of emergence agitation in children after propofol anesthesia compared with sevoflurane: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"28:","author":"Kanaya\n \nA","year":"2014"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"CIT0029","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"733\u20138","article-title":"A single dose of propofol at the end of surgery for the prevention of emergence agitation in children undergoing strabismus surgery during sevoflurane anesthesia","volume":"107","author":"Aouad\n \nMT","year":"2007"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0030","series-title":"Saudi J Anaesth","first-page":"296\u2013300","article-title":"Prevention of sevoflurane related emergence agitation in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy: A comparison of dexmedetomidine and propofol","volume":"7","author":"Ali\n \nMA","year":"2013"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"CIT0031","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","first-page":"492\u20138","article-title":"Intranasal dexmedetomidine premedication reduces minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for laryngeal mask airway insertion and emergence delirium in children: A prospective, randomized, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Yao\n \nY","year":"2015"},{"issue":"(12):","key":"CIT0032","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","first-page":"1098\u2013104","article-title":"Does dexmedetomidine prevent emergence delirium in children after sevoflurane\u2010based general anesthesia?","volume":"15","author":"Shukry\n \nM","year":"2005"},{"issue":"(11):","key":"CIT0033","series-title":"J Anesth Clin 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Analg","first-page":"84\u201391","article-title":"Emergence delirium in children: Many questions, few answers","volume":"104","author":"Vlajkovic\n \nGP","year":"2007"},{"issue":"(2):","key":"CIT0005","series-title":"Br J Anaesth","first-page":"216\u201323","article-title":"Pharmacological prevention of sevoflurane-and desflurane-related emergence agitation in children: A meta-analysis of published studies","volume":"104","author":"Dahmani\n \nS","year":"2010"},{"issue":"(7):","key":"CIT0006","series-title":"BJA Educ","first-page":"242\u20136","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine: its use in intensive care medicine and anaesthesia","volume":"16","author":"Scott-Warren\n \nVL","year":"2016"},{"key":"CIT0007","series-title":"J Anesthesiol","first-page":"1\u20137","article-title":"Effect of low dose dexmedetomidine on emergence delirium and recovery profile following sevoflurane induction in pediatric cataract surgeries","author":"Ghai\n \nB","year":"2015"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0008","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","first-page":"593\u2013600","article-title":"Evaluation of emergence delirium in Asian children using the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale","volume":"19","author":"Bong\n \nCL","year":"2009"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0009","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"1004\u201310","article-title":"Dexmedetomidine infusion for analgesia and prevention of emergence agitation in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy","volume":"111","author":"Patel\n \nA","year":"2010"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0010","series-title":"Child Neuropsychol","first-page":"203\u201310","article-title":"Measurement tool for preoperative anxiety in young children: The Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale","volume":"1","author":"Kain\n \nZN","year":"1995"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0011","series-title":"Anesth Analg","first-page":"783\u20138","article-title":"The Yale Preoperative Anxiety Scale: How does it compare with a \u201cgold standard\u201d?","volume":"85","author":"Kain\n \nZN","year":"1997"},{"issue":"(3):","key":"CIT0012","series-title":"Signa Vitae","first-page":"10\u201320","article-title":"Postoperative emergence delirium in children: A narrative review of recent publications","volume":"17","author":"Grotmol\n \nOG","year":"2021"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0013","series-title":"BJA Educ","first-page":"30\u20133","article-title":"Emergence delirium after paediatric anaesthesia: New strategies in avoidance and treatment","volume":"18","author":"Nair\n \nS","year":"2018"},{"issue":"(9):","key":"CIT0014","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","first-page":"1020\u20136","article-title":"Emergence delirium in children undergoing dental surgery under general anesthesia","volume":"30","author":"Jooma\n \nZ","year":"2020"},{"issue":"(10):","key":"CIT0015","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","first-page":"944\u201350","article-title":"Emergence delirium and postoperative pain in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy: A comparison of propofol vs sevoflurane anesthesia","volume":"20","author":"Pieters\n \nBJ","year":"2010"},{"issue":"(5):","key":"CIT0016","series-title":"Anesthesiology","first-page":"1138\u201345","article-title":"Development and psychometric evaluation of the pediatric anesthesia emergence delirium scale","volume":"100","author":"Sikich\n \nN","year":"2004"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0017","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","first-page":"419\u201324","article-title":"Emergence agitation in paediatric patients after sevoflurane anaesthesia and no surgery: A comparison with halothane","volume":"10","author":"Cravero\n \nJ","year":"2000"},{"issue":"(8):","key":"CIT0018","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","first-page":"704\u201311","article-title":"A comparison of emergence delirium scales following general anesthesia in children","volume":"20","author":"Bajwa\n \nSA","year":"2010"},{"issue":"(4):","key":"CIT0019","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","first-page":"301\u20138","article-title":"Emergence delirium in children: A comparison of sevoflurane and desflurane anesthesia using the Paediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale","volume":"23","author":"Locatelli\n \nBG","year":"2013"},{"issue":"(9):","key":"CIT0020","series-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep","first-page":"65","article-title":"Pediatric delirium: Evaluation, management, and special considerations","volume":"19","author":"Malas\n \nN","year":"2017"},{"issue":"(1):","key":"CIT0021","series-title":"Pediatr Anesth","first-page":"55\u20139","article-title":"Effect of propofol on emergence behavior in children after sevoflurane general anesthesia","volume":"18","author":"Abu\u2010Shahwan\n \nI","year":"2008"},{"issue":"(6):","key":"CIT0022","series-title":"J Anesthesiol","first-page":"471\u201385","article-title":"Emergence agitation: current knowledge and unresolved 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