{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T11:10:01Z","timestamp":1780571401478,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"Hamad bin Khalifa University Press (HBKU Press)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Background:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Post\u2013COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) is an emerging public health issue characterized by persistent symptoms, including anxiety. Anxiety is the most frequent mental health persistent symptom among patients with PCS, with global prevalence ranging from 6.5% to 63%. It negatively impacts people\u2019s functioning, productivity, and daily routine beyond recovery. This study aimed to examine the prevalence, determinants, and health impact of anxiety symptoms among adults with post\u2013COVID-19 in Qatar during 2022.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Methods:<\/jats:bold>\n                    A cross-sectional study was conducted in Qatar between January and July 2022, utilizing data from the Primary Health Care Corporation\u2019s Business Intelligence Unit. Out of 368 eligible individuals, 159 adults with confirmed PCS lasting more than 12 weeks were randomly selected and interviewed by telephone after providing consent. Anxiety levels were assessed using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) scale.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Results:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Out of 159, the prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 50.3% (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 80) based on GAD-7. Most of the participants were female, Qatari, married, and unemployed. Hospitalization and functional impairment were also higher in the anxiety group compared to those without anxiety. Depression, disability, and cognitive dysfunction were strongly associated with the post\u2013COVID-19 anxiety group compared to the non-anxiety group, with P &lt; 0.05.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Conclusion:<\/jats:bold>\n                    Post\u2013COVID-19 anxiety is prevalent among PCS patients in Qatar and linked to worse mental and physical health outcomes. Routine screening and integrated care approaches are essential to support recovery.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5339\/qmj.2026.23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T10:51:50Z","timestamp":1780570310000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post\u2013COVID-19 anxiety and its impact on adults\u2019 health in Qatar in 2022"],"prefix":"10.5339","volume":"2026","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7694-3951","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nada","family":"Adli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Community and Preventive Medicine Specialist, Preventive Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed","family":"Bala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community and Preventive Medicine Department, Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC), Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nahlah","family":"AlMesbah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community and Preventive Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Ajabein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community and Preventive Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maysa","family":"Homaida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community and Preventive Medicine Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Musa Adli","family":"Abuhashem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Psychologist, Psychiatry Department, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, 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Science and Technology, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Hameed","family":"Al-Khenji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Consultant of Community and Preventive Medicine, Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC), Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Ghaith","family":"Al-Kuwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Senior Consultant of Community and Preventive Medicine, Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC), Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iheb","family":"Bougmiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Community and Preventive Medicine Department, Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC), Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar"},{"name":"Professor of Community Medicine, Sousse University, 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\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2021.110525"},{"issue":"1","key":"B11","series-title":"Crit Care","first-page":"310","article-title":"Anxiety, depression and post traumatic stress disorder after critical illness: a UK-wide prospective cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Hatch\n \nR","year":"2018;","unstructured":"Hatch\n \nR\n\n, \n\nYoung\n \nD\n\n, \n\nBarber\n \nV\n\n, \n\nGriffiths\n \nJ\n\n, \n\nHarrison\n \nDA\n\n, \n\nWatkinson\n \nP\n\n\n. \nAnxiety, depression and post traumatic stress disorder after critical illness: a UK-wide prospective cohort study\n. \nCrit Care\n. \n2018;\n22\n1\n310\n. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13054-018-2223-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"B12","series-title":"Pathogens","first-page":"269","article-title":"Long-term sequelae of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of one-year follow-up studies on post-COVID symptoms","volume":"11","author":"Han\n \nQ","year":"2022;","unstructured":"Han\n \nQ\n\n\nZheng\n \nB\n\n, \n\nDaines\n \nL\n\n, \n\nSheikh\n \nA\n\n\n. \nLong-term sequelae of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis of one-year follow-up studies on post-COVID symptoms\n. \nPathogens\n. \n2022;\n11\n2\n269\n. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens11020269"},{"issue":"2","key":"B13","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0247280","article-title":"Fatigue following COVID-19 infection is not associated with autonomic dysfunction","volume":"16","author":"Townsend\n \nL","year":"2021;","unstructured":"Townsend\n \nL\n\n, \n\nMoloney\n \nD\n\n, \n\nFinucane\n \nC\n\n, \n\nMcCarthy\n \nK\n\n, \n\nBergin\n \nC\n\n, \n\nBannan\n \nC\n\n, \n\n\n. \nFatigue following COVID-19 infection is not associated with autonomic dysfunction\n. \nPLoS One\n. \n2021;\n16\n2\ne0247280\n. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0247280"},{"issue":"7","key":"B14","series-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health","first-page":"4242","article-title":"Neurological and mental health symptoms associated with post-COVID-19 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health outcomes following COVID-19 infection: impacts of post-COVID impairments and fatigue on depression, anxiety, and insomnia - a web survey in Sweden\n. \nBMC Psychiatry\n. \n2022;\n22\n1\n743\n. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12888-022-04405-0"},{"key":"B16","series-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand Suppl","first-page":"6","article-title":"Comorbidity as a fundamental feature of generalized anxiety disorders: results from the National Comorbidity Study (NCS)","volume":"393","author":"Judd\n \nLL","year":"1998;","unstructured":"Judd\n \nLL\n\n, \n\nKessler\n \nRC\n\n, \n\nPaulus\n \nMP\n\n, \n\nZeller\n \nPV\n\n, \n\nWittchen\n \nHU\n\n, \n\nKunovac\n \nJL\n\n\n. \nComorbidity as a fundamental feature of generalized anxiety disorders: results from the National Comorbidity Study (NCS)\n. \nActa Psychiatr Scand Suppl\n. \n1998;\n393\n6\n11\n. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1998.tb05960.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"B17","series-title":"Psychiatr Clin North 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A tale of two syndromes","volume":"11","author":"Stein\n \nMB","year":"1988;","unstructured":"Stein\n \nMB\n\n, \n\nUhde\n \nTW\n\n\n. \nPanic disorder and major depression. A tale of two syndromes\n. \nPsychiatr Clin North Am\n. \n1988;\n11\n2\n441\n61"},{"issue":"1","key":"B18","series-title":"Arch Public Health","first-page":"237","article-title":"Anxiety, depression, and social connectedness among the general population of eight countries during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"80","author":"Long\n \nD","year":"2022;","unstructured":"Long\n \nD\n\n, \n\nBonsel\n \nGJ\n\n, \n\nLubetkin\n \nEI\n\n, \n\nJanssen\n \nMF\n\n, \n\nHaagsma\n \nJA\n\n\n. \nAnxiety, depression, and social connectedness among the general population of eight countries during the COVID-19 pandemic\n. \nArch Public Health\n. \n2022;\n80\n1\n237\n. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13690-022-00990-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"B19","series-title":"Thorax","first-page":"300","article-title":"Physical, cognitive and mental health outcomes in 1-year survivors of COVID-19-associated ARDS","volume":"77","author":"Latronico\n \nN","year":"2022;","unstructured":"Latronico\n \nN\n\n, \n\nPeli\n 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\nMH","year":"2023;","unstructured":"Al-Thani\n \nMH\n\n\n. \nCOVID19 - outbreak and subsequent mitigation of cases: Qatar\u2019s success story\n. \nQatar J Public Health\n. \n2023;\n2023\n1\n1"},{"issue":"4","key":"B22","series-title":"Qatar Med J","first-page":"55","article-title":"Setting up a temporary isolation tent site for asymptomatic COVID-19 positive male migrant workers in Qatar","volume":"2022","author":"Alinier\n \nG","year":"2022;","unstructured":"Alinier\n \nG\n\n, \n\nAl Badawi\n \nAKA\n\n, \n\nGharib\n \nRZEM\n\n, \n\nRamsumar\n \nS\n\n, \n\nMorris\n \nBD\n\n\n. \nSetting up a temporary isolation tent site for asymptomatic COVID-19 positive male migrant workers in Qatar\n. \nQatar Med J\n. \n2022;\n2022\n4\n55\n. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5339\/qmj.2022.55"},{"issue":"3","key":"B23","series-title":"Qatar Med J","first-page":"42","article-title":"Implementation of a drive-through testing clinic in Qatar for residents having recently returned from a country with a COVID-19 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\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.5339\/qmj.2021.59"},{"issue":"3","key":"B25","series-title":"Heart Views","first-page":"129","article-title":"Qatar\u2019s response to COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"21","author":"Al Khal\n \nA","year":"2020;","unstructured":"Al Khal\n \nA\n\n, \n\nAl-Kaabi\n \nS\n\n, \n\nChecketts\n \nR\n\n\n. \nQatar\u2019s response to COVID-19 pandemic\n. \nHeart Views\n. \n2020;\n21\n3\n129\n32\n. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/HEARTVIEWS.HEARTVIEWS_161_20"},{"issue":"12","key":"B26","series-title":"J Family Med Prim Care","first-page":"7743","article-title":"The impact of COVID-19 on primary health care services in Qatar: 2 years of response and coping 2020-2021","volume":"11","author":"Al Kuwari\n \nMG","year":"2022;","unstructured":"Al Kuwari\n \nMG\n\n, \n\nBakri\n \nAH\n\n, \n\nKandy\n \nMC\n\n, \n\nGibb\n \nJM\n\n, \n\nAbdulla\n \nMY\n\n, \n\nAl Abdulla\n \nSA\n\n, \n\n\n. \nThe impact of COVID-19 on primary health care services in Qatar: 2 years of response and coping 2020-2021\n. \nJ Family Med Prim Care\n. \n2022;\n11\n12\n7743\n9\n. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_1259_22"},{"key":"B27","series-title":"Front Public Health","first-page":"1368568","article-title":"Post-COVID-19 syndrome, who at risk and why: an insight from Qatar 2022","volume":"12","author":"Adli\n \nN","year":"2024;","unstructured":"Adli\n \nN\n\n, \n\nBala\n \nM\n\n, \n\nBougmiza\n \nMI\n\n, \n\nAl-Kuwari\n \nMG\n\n, \n\nAl-Khenji\n \nAH\n\n, \n\nSelim\n \nN\n\n\n. \nPost-COVID-19 syndrome, who at risk and why: an insight from Qatar 2022\n. \nFront Public Health\n. \n2024;\n12\n1368568\n. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1368568"},{"issue":"6","key":"B28","series-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health","first-page":"476","article-title":"Household crowding index: a correlate of socioeconomic status and inter-pregnancy spacing in an urban setting","volume":"58","author":"Melki\n \nIS","year":"2004;","unstructured":"Melki\n \nIS\n\n, \n\nBeydoun\n \nHA\n\n, 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stroke\n. \nTop Stroke Rehabil\n. \n2019;\n26\n2\n122\n7\n. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10749357.2018.1550957"},{"key":"B32","series-title":"Fatigue Severity Scale","author":"RehabMeasures Database","unstructured":"RehabMeasures Database\n\n. \nFatigue Severity Scale\n. \nAvailable from: https:\/\/www.sralab.org\/rehabilitation-measures\/fatigue-severity-scale [cited Nov 3, 2025]."},{"key":"B33","series-title":"MRC Dyspnoea Scale","author":"Primary Care Respiratory Society","unstructured":"Primary Care Respiratory Society\n\n. \nMRC Dyspnoea Scale\n. \nAvailable from: https:\/\/www.pcrs-uk.org\/mrc-dyspnoea-scale\n[cited Nov 3, 2025]"},{"issue":"9","key":"B34","series-title":"J Gen Intern Med","first-page":"606","article-title":"The PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure","volume":"16","author":"Kroenke\n \nK","year":"2001;","unstructured":"Kroenke\n \nK\n\n, \n\nSpitzer\n \nRL\n\n, \n\nWilliams\n \nJBW\n\n\n. \nThe PHQ-9: validity of a brief depression severity measure\n. \nJ Gen Intern Med\n. \n2001;\n16\n9\n606\n13\n. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x"},{"issue":"23","key":"B35","series-title":"Neurology","first-page":"1860","article-title":"Neuro-QOL: brief measures of health-related quality of life for clinical research in neurology","volume":"78","author":"Cella\n \nD","year":"2012;","unstructured":"Cella\n \nD\n\n, \n\nLai\n \nJS\n\n, \n\nNowinski\n \nCJ\n\n, \n\nVictorson\n \nD\n\n, \n\nPeterman\n \nA\n\n, \n\nMiller\n \nD\n\n, \n\n\n. \nNeuro-QOL: brief measures of health-related quality of life for clinical research in neurology\n. \nNeurology\n. \n2012;\n78\n23\n1860\n7\n. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318258f744"},{"key":"B36","series-title":"WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0)","author":"World Health Association","unstructured":"World Health Association\n\n. \nWHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS 2.0)\n. \nAvailable from: 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deficits after recovery from mild COVID-19\n. \nBrain Commun\n. \n2020;\n2\n2\nfcaa205\n. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/braincomms\/fcaa205"},{"issue":"10","key":"B40","series-title":"JMIR Form Res","first-page":"e36656","article-title":"Anxiety, post-COVID-19 syndrome-related depression, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in COVID-19 survivors: cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Woodward\n \nSF","year":"2022;","unstructured":"Woodward\n \nSF\n\n, \n\nBari\n \nS\n\n, \n\nVike\n \nN\n\n, \n\nLalvani\n \nS\n\n, \n\nStetsiv\n \nK\n\n, \n\nKim\n \nBW\n\n, \n\n\n. \nAnxiety, post-COVID-19 syndrome-related depression, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors in COVID-19 survivors: cross-sectional study\n. \nJMIR Form Res\n. \n2022;\n6\n10\ne36656\n. \nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/36656"},{"issue":"7","key":"B41","series-title":"PLoS One","first-page":"e0254523","article-title":"Burden of post-COVID-19 syndrome and implications for healthcare service planning: a population-based cohort 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