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Cosnes J, Gower-Rousseau C, Seksik P, Cortot A.\u3000Epidemiology and Natural History of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.\u3000Gastroenterology, <b>140<\/b>:1785-1794, 2011.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.01.055"},{"key":"2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"2. D Laharie, J Filippi, X Roblin, <i>et al.<\/i>\u3000Impact of mucosal healing on long-term outcomes in ulcerative colitis treated with infliximab:a multicenter experience.\u3000Aliment Pharmacol Ther, <b>37<\/b>:998-1004, 2013.","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12289"},{"key":"3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"3. Colombel JF, Rutgeerts P, Reinisch W, <i>et al.<\/i>\u3000Early mucosal healing with infliximab is associated with improved long-term clinical outcomes in ulcerative colitis.\u3000Gastroenterology, <b>141<\/b>:1194-1201, 2011.","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.06.054"},{"key":"4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"4. Khan KJ, Dubinsky MC, Ford AC, Ullman TA, Talley NJ, Moayyedi P.\u3000Efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy for inflammatory bowel disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis.\u3000Am J Gastroenterol, <b>106<\/b>:630-642, 2011.","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.64"},{"key":"5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"5. Timmer A, McDonald JW, Tsoulis DJ, Macdonald JK.\u3000Azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine for maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis.\u3000Cochrane Database Syst Rev, <b>12<\/b>;(9):CD000478, 2012.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000478.pub3"},{"key":"6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"6. Burchenal JH, Murphy ML, Ellison RR, <i>et al.<\/i>\u3000Clinical evaluation of a new antimetabolite, 6-mercaptopurine, in the treatment of leukemia and allied diseases.\u3000Blood, <b>8<\/b>:965-999, 1953.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V8.11.965.965"},{"key":"7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"7. Bowen GE, Irons GV Jr, Rhodes JB, Kirsner JB.\u3000Early experiences with azathioprine in ulcerative colitis;a note of caution.\u3000JAMA, <b>195<\/b>:460-464, 1966.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.195.6.460"},{"key":"8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"8. Khan KJ, Dubinsky MC, Ford AC, <i>et al.<\/i>\u3000Efficacy of immunosuppressive therapy for inflammatory bowel disease:a systematic review and meta-analysis.\u3000Am J Gastroenterol, <b>106<\/b>(4):630-642, 2011.","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.64"},{"key":"9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"9. Chande N, Tsoulis DJ, MacDonald JK.\u3000Azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine for induction of remission in Crohn\u2019s disease.\u3000Cochrane Database Syst Rev, <b>30<\/b>;(4):CD000545, 2013.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000545.pub4"},{"key":"10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"10. Sparrow MP, Hande SA, Friedman S, <i>et al.<\/i>\u3000Allopurinol safely and effectively optimizes tioguanine metabolites in inflammatory bowel disease patients not responding to azathioprine and mercaptopurine.\u3000Aliment Pharmacol Ther, <b>22<\/b>:441-416, 2005.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02583.x"},{"key":"11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"11. Gao X, Zhang FB, Ding L, Liu H, <i>et al.<\/i>\u3000The potential influence of 5-aminosalicylic acid on the induction of myelotoxicity during thiopurine therapy in inflammatory bowel disease patients.\u3000Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, <b>24<\/b>:958-964, 2012.","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3283545ae3"},{"key":"12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"12. Blaker PA, Arenas-Hernandez M, Smith MA, Shobowale-Bakre EA, Fairbanks L, Irving PM.\u3000Mechanism of allopurinol induced TPMT inhibition.\u3000Biochem Pharm, <b>86<\/b>:539-547, 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.06.002"},{"key":"13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"13. Kopylov U, Battat R, Benmassaoud A, Paradis-Surprenant L, Seidman EG.\u3000Hematologic indices as surrogate markers for monitoring thiopurine therapy in IBD.\u3000Dig Dis Sci, <b>60<\/b>:478-484, 2015.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-014-3362-5"},{"key":"14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"14. Lowry PW, Franklin CL, Weaver AL, <i>et al.<\/i>\u3000Leucopenia resulting from a drug interaction between azathioprine or 6-mercaptopurine and mesalamine, sulphasalazine, or balsalazide.\u3000Gut, <b>49<\/b>:656-664, 2001.","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.49.5.656"},{"key":"15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"15. Morikubo H, Kobayashi T, Ozaki R, <i>et al.<\/i>\u3000Differential effects of mesalazine formulations on thiopurine metabolism through thiopurine S-methyltransferase inhibition.\u3000J Gastroenterol Hepatol, <b>36<\/b>:2116-2124, 2021.","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.15411"},{"key":"16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"16. C Cuffari, S Hunt, T Bayless.\u3000Utilisation of erythrocyte 6-thioguanine metabolite levels to optimise azathioprine therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.\u3000Gut, <b>48<\/b>:642-646, 2001.","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.5.642"},{"key":"17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"17. Chevaux JB, Biroulet LP, and Sparrow MP.\u3000Optimizing Thiopurine Therapy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease.\u3000Inflamm Bowel Dis, <b>17<\/b>:1428-1435, 2011.","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21494"},{"key":"18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"18. Sandborn WJ.\u3000Rational dosing of azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine.\u3000Gut, <b>48<\/b>:591-592, 2001.","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.5.591"},{"key":"19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"19. Turbayne AK, Sparrow MP.\u3000Low-Dose Azathioprine in Combination with Allopurinol:The Past, Present and Future of This Useful Duo.\u3000Dig Dis Sci, <b>67<\/b>:5382-5391, 2022.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-022-07719-x"},{"key":"20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"20. Hanai H, Iida T, Takeuchi K, <i>et al.<\/i>\u3000Thiopurine maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis:the clinical significance of monitoring 6-thioguanine nucleotide.\u3000Inflamm Bowel Dis, <b>16<\/b>:1376-1381, 2010.","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21190"},{"key":"21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"21. Kakuta Y, Kawai Y, Okamoto D, <i>et al.<\/i>\u3000NUDT15 codon 139 is the best pharmacogenetic marker for predicting thiopurine-induced severe adverse events in Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel disease:a multicenter study.\u3000J Gastroenterol, <b>53<\/b>:1065-1078, 2018.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-018-1486-7"},{"key":"22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"22. 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