{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T07:16:29Z","timestamp":1788160589158,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Korean Academy of Conservative Dentistry","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ordu University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","award":["B-2340"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B-2340"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["rde.ac"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Restor Dent Endod"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the impact of light-curing modes on the degree of conversion (DC) and color change (CIEDE2000 color difference, \u0394E00) of different flowable composite resins. Methods: A total of 120 specimens (n = 10 per group) were prepared from four materials: G-aenial Universal Injectable (GUI; GC), Estelite Bulk Fill Flow (EBF; Tokuyama Dental), Tetric N-Flow Bulk Fill (TNF; Ivoclar Vivadent), and Filtek Bulk Fill Flowable (FBF; 3M ESPE). The specimens were polymerized using an LED light-curing unit under three light-curing modes: standard (1,000 mW\/cm\u00b2, 20 seconds), high-power (1,400 mW\/cm\u00b2, 3 \u00d7 4 seconds), and extra-power (3,200 mW\/cm\u00b2, 2 \u00d7 3 seconds). The DC was quantified using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Color measurements were performed at baseline, and on the 7th and 14th days after immersion in coffee, using a spectrophotometer. The \u0394E\u2080\u2080 was calculated using the CIEDE2000 formula. The data were analyzed using IBM SPSS software (\u03b1 = 0.05). Results: Material type and light-curing mode significantly affected both the DC and \u0394E00 (p &lt; 0.05). All composites exhibited lower DC in the extra-power mode compared to the high-power mode. On day 14, the extra-power mode resulted in significantly greater discoloration in TNF, FBF, and EBF compared to the high-power mode (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Although curing with the extra-power mode saves time, it may result in a lower DC and an increase in \u0394E00 in flowable composite resin.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2026.51.e35","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:05:17Z","timestamp":1785801917000},"page":"e35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5395\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of light-curing modes on degree of conversion and color stability of flowable bulk-fill composites: an in vitro experimental study"],"prefix":"10.5395","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4070-3336","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Eda","family":"Karaaslan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8604-5768","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sultan Aktu\u011f","family":"Karademir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3349","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3290\/j.jad.a38141"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12081786"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2018.03.019"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2015.07.004"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.105289"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12394"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2341\/16-299-l"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcs5060149"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2123406"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-023-04928-0"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/26415275.2023.2175685"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2023.03.016"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-012-0702-8"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5395\/rde.2015.40.4.255"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2012.08.006"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4317\/jced.57579"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107BOR-2017.vol31.0080"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2024.104917"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12874"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2019.03.009"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0109-5641(05)80005-3"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/essentdent.2025.25024"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.25.371"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12149"},{"key":"ref25","first-page":"63","volume-title":"","author":"Tarle","year":"2018"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-025-06831-4"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17567\/currresdentsci.1617446"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2005.11.008"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym14194182"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-009-0354-5"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2341\/07-81"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-014-1302-6"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2013.05.008"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3481723"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034510381263"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/polym13223972"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma15217858"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-024-03944-0"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.1998.00253.x"},{"key":"ref40","first-page":"18","volume-title":"Effect of tea and coffee on color change of two types composite resins: nano filled and micro hybrid","author":"Nasoohi","year":"2011"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2010.05.020"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2010.05.019"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2842.2002.00924.x"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2004.03.005"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2842.1996.tb00903.x"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1807-3107bor-2024.vol38.0062"}],"container-title":["Restorative Dentistry &amp; 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