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Hemodilution, absolute or functional iron deficiency, activation of the inflammatory cascade, and impaired erythropoietin production and activity are some pathophysiological mechanisms involved in anemia of the heart failure. Furthermore other concomitant causes of anemia, such as myelodysplastic syndrome and chemotherapy, may worsen the outcome. Based on the pathophysiology of cardiac anemia, there are several therapeutic options that may improve hemoglobin levels, tissues\u2019 oxygenation, and probably the outcome. These include administration of iron, erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, and blood transfusions but still the evidence provided for their use remains limited.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/246915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,3,25]],"date-time":"2012-03-25T21:30:22Z","timestamp":1332711022000},"page":"1-9","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Anemia in Heart Failure Patients"],"prefix":"10.5402","volume":"2012","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7213-2836","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Michael G.","family":"Alexandrakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Heraklion, P.O. 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