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However, due to the rapid degradation of GLP-1 by dipeptidylpeptidase-IV (DPP-IV) enzyme and renal elimination of exendin-4, their clinical applications have been restricted. Although exendin-4 has longer half-life than GLP-1, it still requires frequent injections to maintain efficacy for the treatment of diabetes. In recent decades, various polymeric delivery systems have been developed for the delivery of GLP-1 and exendin-4 genes or peptides for their long-term action and the extra production in ectopic tissues. Herein, we discuss the modification of the expression cassettes and peptides for long-term production and secretion of the native peptides. In addition, the characteristics of nonviral or viral system used for a delivery of a modified GLP-1 or exendin-4 are described. Furthermore, recent efforts to improve the biological half-life of GLP-1 or exendin-4 peptide via chemical conjugation with various smart polymers via chemical conjugation compared with native peptide are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5402\/2012\/340632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,31]],"date-time":"2012-05-31T22:48:50Z","timestamp":1338504530000},"page":"1-14","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Polymer-Based Delivery of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 for the Treatment of Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.5402","volume":"2012","author":[{"given":"Pyung-Hwan","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung Wan","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department 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