{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T00:35:30Z","timestamp":1780360530443,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Clin Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) can lead to renal calcification in children, which can cause various complications and impair renal function. This review provides pediatricians with a comprehensive understanding of the relationship between RTA and renal calcification, highlighting essential aspects for clinical management. The article analyzed relevant studies to explore the prevalence, risk factors, underlying mechanisms, and clinical implications of renal calcification in children with RTA. Results show that distal RTA (type 1) is particularly associated with nephrocalcinosis, which presents a higher risk of renal calcification. However, there are limitations to the existing literature, including a small number of studies, heterogeneity in methodologies, and potential publication bias. Longitudinal data and control groups are also lacking, which limits our understanding of long-term outcomes and optimal management strategies for children with RTA and renal calcification. Pediatricians play a crucial role in the early diagnosis and management of RTA to mitigate the risk of renal calcification and associated complications. In addition, alkaline therapy remains a cornerstone in the treatment of RTA, aimed at correcting the acid-base imbalance and reducing the formation of kidney stones. Therefore, early diagnosis and appropriate therapeutic interventions are paramount in preventing and managing renal calcification to preserve renal function and improve long-term outcomes for affected children. Further research with larger sample sizes and rigorous methodologies is needed to optimize the clinical approach to renal calcification in the context of RTA in the pediatric population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v12.i5.295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T16:03:26Z","timestamp":1701965006000},"page":"295-309","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Renal calcification in children with renal tubular acidosis: What a paediatrician \u200eshould \u200eknow\u200e"],"prefix":"10.5409","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Al-Beltagi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nermin Kamal","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adel Salah","family":"Bediwy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reem","family":"Elbeltagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Basiony","family":"Hamza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01587-5"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-021-01032-y"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs493"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17925\/EE.2021.17.1.59"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5935\/0101-2800.20170086"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefroe.2021.09.004"},{"key":"B7","unstructured":"Yaxley J, Pirrone C. Review of the Diagnostic Evaluation of Renal Tubular Acidosis. Ochsner J 2016; 16: 525-530"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-019-00260-4"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-8239-JBN-3821"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00494.2013"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1824-7288-36-54"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00211.2016"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.736308"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000478781"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1215672"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.07400715"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.10391012"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-physiol-052521-121841"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c120010"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13061171"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5049\/EBP.2008.6.2.68"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150052"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.762130"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3068365"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/tud.2020.20155"},{"key":"B26","unstructured":"Wagner CA, Mohebbi N. Urinary pH and stone formation. J Nephrol 2010; 23 Suppl 16: S165-S169"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-011-9104-8"},{"key":"B28","unstructured":"Caudarella R, Vescini F. Urinary citrate and renal stone disease: the preventive role of alkali citrate treatment. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2009; 81: 182-187"},{"key":"B29","unstructured":"Ngo TC, Assimos DG. Uric Acid nephrolithiasis: recent progress and future directions. Rev Urol 2007; 9: 17-27"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061654"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2019.04.008"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2018.33.e95"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016020169"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.205"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-022-01281-7"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-014-2993-3"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)55884-x"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.09.002"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.19.056"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000479279"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-4065.106058"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-4-5"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfl251"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.2022.J015"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2018.08.011"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpneph0424"},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2018.05.004"},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000368266"},{"key":"B49","unstructured":"Krysiak R, Kedzia A, Krupej-Kedzierska J, Okopie\u0144 B. [Hypoaldosteronism]. Przegl Lek 2013; 70: 69-75"},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2011.04.023"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016121344"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2010.09492.x"},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010369"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2015.76"},{"key":"B55","unstructured":"Magni G, Unwin RJ, Moochhala SH. Renal tubular acidosis (RTA) and kidney stones: Diagnosis and management. Arch Esp Urol 2021; 74: 123-128"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016030305"},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-015-3083-9"},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2018.11.033"},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-017-0368-x"},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2004.06.030"},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-022-05513-5"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2009.32"},{"key":"B63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.08.018"},{"key":"B64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.02760311"},{"key":"B65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.06.003"},{"key":"B66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.03.002"},{"key":"B67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000474"},{"key":"B68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.336"},{"key":"B69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cvsm.2015.03.001"},{"key":"B70","unstructured":"Alexander RT, Law L, Gil-Pe\u00f1a H, Greenbaum LA, Santos F.   Hereditary Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis. 2019 Oct 10. In: GeneReviews\u00ae [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington, Seattle; 1993\u2013"},{"key":"B71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2018.05.005"},{"key":"B72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2017080840"},{"key":"B73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2018.05.006"},{"key":"B74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-020-01217-3"},{"key":"B75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00389574"},{"key":"B76","unstructured":"Guerra-Hern\u00e1ndez NE, Ordaz-L\u00f3pez KV, Escobar-P\u00e9rez L, G\u00f3mez-Tenorio C, Garc\u00eda-Nieto VM. Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis Screening by Urinary Acidification Testing in Mexican Children. Rev Invest Clin 2015; 67: 191-198"},{"key":"B77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefro.2016.06.008"},{"key":"B78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfab171"},{"key":"B79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2016.154"},{"key":"B80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.04.108"},{"key":"B81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-007-0701-3"},{"key":"B82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2008.10.005"},{"key":"B83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy409"},{"key":"B84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-016-3573-4"},{"key":"B85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-020-04693-2"},{"key":"B86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23750\/abm.v90i2.6886"},{"key":"B87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/tud.2013.063"},{"key":"B88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03318-8"},{"key":"B89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0152-5"},{"key":"B90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2042018814547359"},{"key":"B91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8897112"},{"key":"B92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13359"},{"key":"B93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2013.28.2.336"},{"key":"B94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-008-1073-x"},{"key":"B95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7762\/cnr.2015.4.3.137"},{"key":"B96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu243"},{"key":"B97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0022-5347(17)46963-1"},{"key":"B98","unstructured":"Nouvenne A, Meschi T, Guerra A, Allegri F, Prati B, Borghi L. Dietary treatment of nephrolithiasis. Clin Cases Miner Bone Metab 2008; 5: 135-141"},{"key":"B99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.936552"},{"key":"B100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-014-2958-5"},{"key":"B101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00098"},{"key":"B102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248413497257"},{"key":"B103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38119.581991.55"},{"key":"B104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefroe.2022.07.003"},{"key":"B105","unstructured":"Kumar P. Genetic counselling in family planning. Antiseptic 1968; 65: 831-834"},{"key":"B106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-022-02696-6"},{"key":"B107","unstructured":"Fontenelle LF, Sarti TD. Kidney Stones: Treatment and Prevention. Am Fam Physician 2019; 99: 490-496"},{"key":"B108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijp.22029"},{"key":"B109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10050836"},{"key":"B110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12098-020-03424-7"},{"key":"B111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PHMT.S174459"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/2219-2808\/full\/v12\/i5\/295.htm","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/2219-2808\/full\/v12\/i5\/295.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T16:04:10Z","timestamp":1701965050000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/2219-2808\/full\/v12\/i5\/295.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5"},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5409\/wjcp.v12.i5.295","relation":{},"ISSN":["2219-2808"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2219-2808","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]]}}}