{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T01:13:30Z","timestamp":1778634810436,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Clin Pediatr"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is a stress-responsive cytokine. Though less extensively studied in children than in adults, recent evidence highlights the potential value of GDF-15 in pediatric cardiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>AIM<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To assess the serum GDF-15 levels and the genetic profile of GDF-15 rs4808793 among children with cardiac diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>METHODS<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This case-control study included 100 pediatric cardiac patients and 50 healthy controls. GDF-15 rs4808793 (-3148C&gt;G) single-nucleotide polymorphism was tested via  restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction technique, and serum GDF-15 was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>RESULTS<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Of the 69 children with various types of congenital heart diseases (CHD), 14 patients had rheumatic heart disease, and 17 had cardiomyopathy. About 50% of patients had heart failure. Significantly higher mean serum GDF-15 among patients compared to the controls, P  &lt; 0.001. Heart failure patients had significantly higher serum GDF-15 than those who didn\u2019t, P  &lt; 0.001. CC-genotype and C-allele of rs4808793 were significantly more frequent among cardiac patients compared to the controls (P  = 0.002). C-allele of rs4808793 was associated with an increased CHD risk (odds ratio = 2.812, 95% confidence interval: 1.648-4.799).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>CONCLUSION<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>GDF-15 is a promising biomarker in predicting congenital heart disease and heart failure in children. The genetic variants of GDF-15  (rs4808793) were significantly associated with CHD risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5409\/wjcp.v15.i2.117283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:27:12Z","timestamp":1778632032000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Circulating levels of growth differentiation factor-15 and its genetic variants -3148C&gt;G (rs4808793) in pediatric cardiac patients"],"prefix":"10.5409","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eman Ahmed","family":"Abd-Elmawgood","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohammed H","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khaled Abdalla","family":"Abd-Elbaseer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mona 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