{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,16]],"date-time":"2024-09-16T16:41:32Z","timestamp":1726504892755},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Asociacion Espanola de Estudio en Drogodependencias","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["RED"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Los cannabinoides se dirigen principalmente al sistema endocannabinoide (ECS), que surge\ncomo un objetivo terap\u00e9utico potencialmente interesante debido a su importante papel en la\nmodulaci\u00f3n de procesos biol\u00f3gicos clave en todo el organismo. Como tal, los cannabinoides\nya se han propuesto como, por ejemplo, antiem\u00e9ticos, agentes antiesp\u00e1sticos, estimulantes del\napetito, antiepil\u00e9pticos, analg\u00e9sicos, depresores de la presi\u00f3n intraocular o como agentes para\ncontrolar los trastornos del movimiento en el s\u00edndrome de Tourette.\nAqu\u00ed revisamos las pruebas de investigaci\u00f3n disponibles sobre el uso del cannabis y los cannabinoides\npara un conjunto de aplicaciones terap\u00e9uticas sugeridas, y abordamos algunos de los\nriesgos a corto y largo plazo que se han correlacionado con el uso de estas sustancias.\nEncontramos escasas pruebas cient\u00edficas que apoyen el uso de productos basados en el cannabis\npara la mayor\u00eda de las aplicaciones sugeridas, as\u00ed como ninguna necesidad m\u00e9dica no satisfecha\nque no est\u00e9 ya abordada por los medicamentos existentes (algunos basados en cannabinoides)\nen el mercado. En este escenario, los riesgos potenciales asociados al uso cr\u00f3nico de estas sustancias\npueden disuadir su uso m\u00e9dico.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.54108\/10031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T05:21:20Z","timestamp":1674019280000},"page":"103-122","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["El uso terap\u00e9utico del cannabis y los cannabinoides"],"prefix":"10.54108","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Joao P.","family":"Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Felix","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"32424","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref0","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ablin, J., Ste-Marie, P. A., Sch\u00e4fer, M., H\u00e4user, W. y Fitzcharles, M. A. (2016). Medical use of cannabis products. Der Schmerz, 30(1), 3-13. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00482-015-0083-4","DOI":"10.1007\/s00482-015-0083-4"},{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Abrams, D. I. (2018). The therapeutic effects of Cannabis and cannabinoids: An update from the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine report. European journal of internal medicine, 49, 7-11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.01.003","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2018.01.003"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Alexandre, J., Carmo, H., Carvalho, F. y Silva, J. P. (2020). Synthetic cannabinoids and their impact on neurodevelopmental processes. Addiction biology, 25(2), e12824. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/adb.12824","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.12824"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bartel, S. J., Sherry, S. B. y Stewart, S. H. (2020). Self-isolation: A significant contributor to cannabis use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Substance Abuse, 41(4), 409-412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08897077.2020.1823550","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2020.1823550"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Bennett, D. L., Clark, A. J., Huang, J., Waxman, S. G. y Dib-Hajj, S. D. (2019). The role of voltage-gated sodium channels in pain signaling. Physiological reviews, 99(2), 1079-1151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/physrev.00052.2017","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00052.2017"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Berger, A. A., Keefe, J., Winnick, A., Gilbert, E., Eskander, J. P., Yazdi, C., ... y Urits, I. (2020). Cannabis and cannabidiol (CBD) for the treatment of fibromyalgia. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, 34(3), 617-631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.08.010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpa.2020.08.010"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cawley, N., Solanky, B. S., Muhlert, N., Tur, C., Edden, R. A., Wheeler-Kingshott, C. A., ... y Ciccarelli, O. (2015). Reduced gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration is associated with physical disability in progressive multiple sclerosis. Brain, 138(9), 2584-2595. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/brain\/awv209","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awv209"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Centonze, D. (2014). Advances in the management of multiple sclerosis spasticity: Multiple sclerosis spasticity nervous pathways. Eur Neurol., 72 (Suppl. 1), 6-8. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000367615","DOI":"10.1159\/000367615"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chaves, C., Bittencourt, P. C. T. y Pelegrini, A. (2020). Ingestion of a THC-rich cannabis oil in people with fibromyalgia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Pain Medicine, 21(10), 2212-2218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pm\/pnaa303","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnaa303"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Chen, D. J., Gao, M., Gao, F. F., Su, Q. X. y Wu, J. (2017). Brain cannabinoid receptor 2: expression, function and modulation. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 38(3), 312-316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/aps.2016.149","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2016.149"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cohen, K. y Weinstein, A. M. (2018). Synthetic and non-synthetic cannabinoid drugs and their adverse effects-a review from public health prospective. Frontiers in public health, 6, 162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00162","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00162"},{"key":"ref11","unstructured":"Conboy, J. R. (2000). Smoke screen: America\u2019s drug policy and medical marijuana. Food & Drug LJ, 55, 601. http:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/26660195"},{"key":"ref12","unstructured":"Complementary Therapy Task Force of the American Academy of Ophthalmology (2014). Marijuana in the Treatment of Glaucoma CTA - 2014."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Costiniuk, C. T., Mills, E. y Cooper, C. L. (2008). Evaluation of oral cannabinoid-containing medications for the management of interferon and ribavirin-induced anorexia, nausea and weight loss in patients treated for chronic hepatitis C virus. Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology, 22(4), 376-380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1155\/2008\/725702","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/725702"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cristino, L., Bisogno, T. y Di Marzo, V. (2020). Cannabinoids and the expanded endocannabinoid system in neurological disorders. Nature Reviews Neurology, 16(1), 9-29. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41582-019-0284-z","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0284-z"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Davis, M.P. (2008). Oral nabilone capsules in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and pain. Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 17(1), 85-95. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/13543784.17.1.85","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.17.1.85"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Almeida, D. L. y Devi, L. A. (2020). Diversity of molecular targets and signaling pathways for CBD. Pharmacology research & perspectives, 8(6), e00682. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/prp2.682","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.682"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"de Vries, M., van Rijckevorsel, D. C., Wilder-Smith, O. H. y van Goor, H. (2014). Dronabinol and chronic pain: importance of mechanistic considerations. Expert opinion on pharmacotherapy, 15(11), 1525-1534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1517\/14656566.2014.918102","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2014.918102"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Forti, M., Quattrone, D., Freeman, T. P., Tripoli, G., Gayer-Anderson, C., Quigley, H., ... y van der Ven, E. (2019). The contribution of cannabis use to variation in the incidence of psychotic disorder across Europe (EU-GEI): a multicentre case-control study. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(5), 427-436. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30048-3","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30048-3"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"DiNieri, J. A., Wang, X., Szutorisz, H., Spano, S. M., Kaur, J., Casaccia, P., ... y Hurd, Y. L. (2011). Maternal cannabis use alters ventral striatal dopamine D2 gene regulation in the offspring. Biological psychiatry, 70(8), 763-769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.06.027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.06.027"},{"key":"ref20","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction [EMCDDA] (2018). Cannabis legislation in Europe: an overview. Publications Office of the European Union."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, O. (2014). Advances in the management of MS spasticity: Recent observational studies. Eur Neurol., 72(Suppl. 1), 12-14. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000367618","DOI":"10.1159\/000367618"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez, \u00d3., Costa-Frossard, L., Mart\u00ednez-Gin\u00e9s, M., Montero, P., Prieto, J. M. y Rami\u00f3, L. (2020). The broad concept of \u201cSpasticity-Plus Syndrome\u201d in multiple sclerosis: a possible new concept in the management of multiple sclerosis symptoms. Frontiers in Neurology, 11, 152. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2020.00152","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00152"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gao, F., Yin, X., Edden, R. A., Evans, A. C., Xu, J., Cao, G., ... y Wang, G. (2018). Altered hippocampal GABA and glutamate levels and uncoupling from functional connectivity in multiple sclerosis. Hippocampus, 28(11), 813-823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/hipo.23001","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.23001"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gomes, T. M., da Silva, D. D., Carmo, H., Carvalho, F. y Silva, J. P. (2020). Epigenetics and the endocannabinoid system signaling: An intricate interplay modulating neurodevelopment. Pharmacological Research, 162, 105237. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.105237"},{"key":"ref25","unstructured":"Green, K. (1979). Marihuana in Ophthalmology-past, present and future. Ann Ophthalmol., 11(2), 203-205."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guennewig, B., Bitar, M., Obiorah, I., Hanks, J., O\u2019Brien, E. A., Kaczorowski, D. C., ... y Barry, G. (2018). THC exposure of human iPSC neurons impacts genes associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Translational psychiatry, 8(1), 1-9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41398-018-0137-3","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0137-3"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Guerrero-Alba, R., Barrag\u00e1n-Iglesias, P., Gonz\u00e1lez-Hern\u00e1ndez, A., Valdez-Mor\u00e1les, E. E., Granados-Soto, V., Cond\u00e9s-Lara, M., ... y Marichal-Cancino, B. A. (2019). Some prospective alternatives for treating pain: the endocannabinoid system and its putative receptors GPR18 and GPR55. Frontiers in pharmacology, 9, 1496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2018.01496","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01496"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hall, W., Stjepanovi\u0107, D., Caulkins, J., Lynskey, M., Leung, J., Campbell, G. y Degenhardt, L. (2019). Public health implications of legalising the production and sale of cannabis for medicinal and recreational use. The Lancet, 394(10208), 1580-1590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)31789-1","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(19)31789-1"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hasin, D. S., Saha, T. D., Kerridge, B. T., Goldstein, R. B., Chou, S. P., Zhang, H., ... y Grant, B. F. (2015). Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States between 2001-2002 and 2012-2013. JAMA psychiatry, 72(12), 1235-1242. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2015.1858"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Howlett, A. C. y Abood, M. E. (2017). CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology. Advances in Pharmacology, 80, 169-206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.apha.2017.03.007","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2017.03.007"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jakubovski, E., Pisarenko, A., Fremer, C., Haas, M., May, M., Schumacher, C., ... y M\u00fcller-Vahl, K. (2020). The CANNA-TICS study protocol: a randomized multi-center double-blind placebo controlled trial to demonstrate the efficacy and safety of nabiximols in the treatment of adults with chronic tic disorders. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 575826. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.575826","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.575826"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kirkham, T. C. (2009). Cannabinoids and appetite: food craving and food pleasure. International Review of Psychiatry, 21(2), 163-171. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540260902782810","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260902782810"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kola, B., Hubina, E., Tucci, S. A., Kirkham, T. C., Garcia, E. A., Mitchell, S. E., ... y Korbonits, M. (2005). Cannabinoids and ghrelin have both central and peripheral metabolic and cardiac effects via AMP-activated protein kinase. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 280(26), 25196-25201. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1074\/jbc.C500175200","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.c500175200"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Koppel, B. S., Brust, J. C., Fife, T., Bronstein, J., Youssof, S., Gronseth, G. y Gloss, D. (2014). Systematic review: efficacy and safety of medical marijuana in selected neurologic disorders: report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology, 82(17), 1556-1563. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/WNL.0000000000000363","DOI":"10.1212\/wnl.0000000000000363"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Leung, J., Chiu, C. Y. V., Stjepanovi\u0107, D. y Hall, W. (2018). Has the legalisation of medical and recreational cannabis use in the USA affected the prevalence of cannabis use and cannabis use disorders? Current Addiction Reports, 5(4), 403-417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40429-018-0224-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s40429-018-0224-9"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"MacMillan, E. L., Tam, R., Zhao, Y., Vavasour, I. M., Li, D. K. B., Oger, J., ... y Traboulsee, A. L. (2016). Progressive multiple sclerosis exhibits decreasing glutamate and glutamine over two years. Multiple Sclerosis Journal, 22(1), 112-116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1352458515586086","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458515586086"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Malheiro, R., Gomes, T., Carmo, H., Carvalho, F. y Silva, J. (2021). Chapter 47: Cannabinoids and psychosis: current challenges of mechanistic toxicology. En A.M. Tsatsakis, G. Tsatsakis and V.E. Karzi (Eds.), Toxicological risk assessment and multi-system health impacts from exposure. Academic Press, Elsevier Inc. ISBN: 9780323852159.","DOI":"10.1016\/b978-0-323-85215-9.00020-9"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mandolesi, G., Gentile, A., Musella, A. y Centonze, D. (2015). Il-1\u03b2 dependent cerebellar synaptopathy in a mouse mode of multiple sclerosis. The Cerebellum, 14(1), 19-22. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12311-014-0613-0","DOI":"10.1007\/s12311-014-0613-0"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marrone, M. C., Morabito, A., Giustizieri, M., Chiurchi\u00f9, V., Leuti, A., Mattioli, M., ... y Marinelli, S. (2017). TRPV1 channels are critical brain inflammation detectors and neuropathic pain biomarkers in mice. Nature communications, 8(1), 1-18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms15292","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15292"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mechoulam, R., Hanu\u0161, L. O., Pertwee, R. y Howlett, A. C. (2014). Early phytocannabinoid chemistry to endocannabinoids and beyond. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(11), 757-764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrn3811","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3811"},{"key":"ref41","unstructured":"Ministry of Health of the Portuguese Republic (2019). Decree-Law nr 8\/2019 of 15 January 2019. Portugal."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Modinos, G., \u015eim\u015fek, F., Horder, J., Bossong, M., Bonoldi, I., Azis, M., ... y McGuire, P. (2018). Cortical GABA in subjects at ultra-high risk of psychosis: relationship to negative prodromal symptoms. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(2), 114-119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx076","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx076"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morgan, C. J., Freeman, T. P., Powell, J. C. H. V. y Curran, H. (2016). AKT1 genotype moderates the acute psychotomimetic effects of naturalistically smoked cannabis in young cannabis smokers. Translational psychiatry, 6(2), e738-e738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/tp.2015.219","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.219"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M\u00fccke, M., Phillips, T., Radbruch, L., Petzke, F. y H\u00e4user, W. (2018). Cannabis\u2010based medicines for chronic neuropathic pain in adults. Cochrane database of systematic reviews, (3). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/14651858.CD012182.pub2","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd012182.pub2"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M\u00fccke, M., Weier, M., Carter, C., Copeland, J., Degenhardt, L., Cuhls, H., ... y Conrad, R. (2018). Systematic review and meta\u2010analysis of cannabinoids in palliative medicine. Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle, 9(2), 220-234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jcsm.12273","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12273"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Mukherjee, A. y Chakravarty, A. (2010). Spasticity mechanisms\u2013for the clinician. Frontiers in neurology, 1, 149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fneur.2010.00149","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2010.00149"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Vahl, K. R., Schneider, U., Koblenz, A., J\u00f6bges, M., Kolbe, H., Daldrup, T. y Emrich, H. M. (2002). Treatment of Tourette\u2019s syndrome with \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC): a randomized crossover trial. Pharmacopsychiatry, 35(02), 57-61. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1055\/s-2002-25028","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2002-25028"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"M\u00fcller-Vahl, K. R., Schneider, U., Prevedel, H., Theloe, K., Kolbe, H., Emrich, H. M. y Daldrup, T. (2003). Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is effective in the treatment of tics in Tourette syndrome: a 6-week randomized trial. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 64(4), 4111. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4088\/jcp.v64n0417","DOI":"10.4088\/jcp.v64n0417"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nantes, J. C., Proulx, S., Zhong, J., Holmes, S. A., Narayanan, S., Brown, R. A., ... y Koski, L. (2017). GABA and glutamate levels correlate with MTR and clinical disability: Insights from multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage, 157, 705-715. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.01.033","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.01.033"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Navari, R. M. y Aapro, M. (2016). Antiemetic prophylaxis for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. New England Journal of Medicine, 374(14), 1356-1367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMra1515442","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmra1515442"},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ortiz-Medina, M. B., Perea, M., Torales, J., Ventriglio, A., Vitrani, G., Aguilar, L. y Roncero, C. (2018). Cannabis consumption and psychosis or schizophrenia development. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 64(7), 690-704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0020764018801690","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764018801690"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Parker, L. A., Rock, E. M. y Limebeer, C. L. (2011). Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids. British journal of pharmacology, 163(7), 1411-1422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01176.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2010.01176.x"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pasman, J. A., Verweij, K. J., Gerring, Z., Stringer, S., Sanchez-Roige, S., Treur, J. L., ... y Vink, J. M. (2018). GWAS of lifetime cannabis use reveals new risk loci, genetic overlap with psychiatric traits, and a causal effect of schizophrenia liability. Nature neuroscience, 21(9), 1161-1170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41593-018-0206-1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0206-1"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pertwee, R. G., Howlett, A. C., Abood, M. E., Alexander, S. P. H., Di Marzo, V., Elphick, M. R., ... y Ross, R. (2010). International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXIX. Cannabinoid receptors and their ligands: beyond CB1 and CB2. Pharmacological reviews, 62(4), 588-631. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1124\/pr.110.003004","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.003004"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Renard, J., Rushlow, W. J. y Laviolette, S. R. (2018). Effects of adolescent THC exposure on the prefrontal GABAergic system: implications for schizophrenia-related psychopathology. Frontiers in psychiatry, 9, 281. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00281","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00281"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Mu\u00f1oz, M., S\u00e1nchez-Bl\u00e1zquez, P., Merlos, M. y Garz\u00f3n-Ni\u00f1o, J. (2016). Endocannabinoid control of glutamate NMDA receptors: the therapeutic potential and consequences of dysfunction. Oncotarget, 7(34), 55840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18632\/oncotarget.10095","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10095"},{"key":"ref57","unstructured":"Room, R., Fischer, B., Hall, W., Lenton, S. y Reuter, P. (2010). Cannabis policy: Moving beyond stalemate. Oxford University Press. New York, U.S.A."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Russo, E. B., Burnett, A., Hall, B. y Parker, K. K. (2005). Agonistic properties of cannabidiol at 5-HT1a receptors. Neurochemical research, 30(8), 1037-1043. https:\/\/doi.org\/x10.1007\/s11064-005-6978-1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-005-6978-1"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sekar, K. y Pack, A. (2019). Epidiolex as adjunct therapy for treatment of refractory epilepsy: a comprehensive review with a focus on adverse effects. F1000 Res., 8, 234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12688\/f1000research.16515.1","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.16515.1"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Sharkey, K. A., Darmani, N. A. y Parker, L. A. (2014). Regulation of nausea and vomiting by cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid system. European Journal of Pharmacology, 722, 134-146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.09.068","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2013.09.068"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szutorisz, H. y Hurd, Y. L. (2016). Epigenetic effects of cannabis exposure. Biological psychiatry, 79(7), 586-594. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.09.014","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2015.09.014"},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Szutorisz, H. y Hurd, Y. L. (2018). High times for cannabis: Epigenetic imprint and its legacy on brain and behavior. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 85, 93-101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.05.011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2017.05.011"},{"key":"ref63","unstructured":"Taylor, B.N., Mueller, M. y Sauls, R.S. (2021). Cannaboinoid Antiemetic Therapy. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing: 2022 Jan."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Tomida, I., Azuara-Blanco, A., House, H., Flint, M., Pertwee, R. G. y Robson, P. J. (2006). Effect of sublingual application of cannabinoids on intraocular pressure: a pilot study. Journal of glaucoma, 15(5), 349-353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.ijg.0000212260.04488.60","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ijg.0000212260.04488.60"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC] (2021). World Drug Report 2021. United Nations Publications.","DOI":"10.21428\/cb6ab371.e39c4e60"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Warr, D. y Hesketh, P. (2020). Cannabinoids as antiemetics: Everything that\u2019s old is new again. Annals of Oncology, 31(11), 1425-1426. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.08.2104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2020.08.2104"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Whiting, P. F., Wolff, R. F., Deshpande, S., Di Nisio, M., Duffy, S., Hernandez, A. V., ... y Kleijnen, J. (2015). Cannabinoids for medical use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Jama, 313(24), 2456-2473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.2015.6358","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.6358"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zehra, A., Burns, J., Liu, C. K., Manza, P., Wiers, C. E., Volkow, N. D. y Wang, G. J. (2018). Cannabis addiction and the brain: a review. Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology, 13(4), 438-452. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11481-018-9782-9","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-018-9782-9"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Zou, S. y Kumar, U. (2018). Cannabinoid receptors and the endocannabinoid system: signaling and function in the central nervous system. International journal of molecular sciences, 19(3), 833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19030833e","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030833"}],"container-title":["Revista Espa\u00f1ola de Drogodependencias"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aesed.com\/upload\/files\/v47n4_6-silva-es.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,24]],"date-time":"2023-01-24T09:46:47Z","timestamp":1674553607000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.aesed.com\/upload\/files\/v47n4_6-silva-es.pdf"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]},"references-count":70,"issue-title":["MONOGR\u00c1FICO: ABORDAJE Y ACTUALIZACI\u00d3N SOBRE EL CONSUMO DE CANNABIS EN LA POBLACI\u00d3N ESPA\u00d1OLA"],"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.54108\/10031","relation":{},"ISSN":["2341-1759","0213-7615"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2341-1759"},{"type":"print","value":"0213-7615"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,30]]}}}