{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:05:13Z","timestamp":1791389113967,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"13","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Am Acad Orthop Surg","JAAOS"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Steroids are commonly used in spine pathologies. A broad range of providers from different specialties such as primary care, emergency medicine, and spine surgeons use steroids. The indications and controversies of steroid use are discussed in this article. A literature review was conducted on the use of steroids in spine pathologies. Steroids have been successfully used in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) to prevent dysphagia, in spinal cord injuries to improve neurological function, in acute back and neck pain for pain control, and in spinal metastasis. Steroid injections have been used for axial as well as radicular pain. Techniques and complications are further discussed. Local and systemic steroids have been successful in preventing dysphagia after anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion. Steroids failed to improve the neurologic outcomes after spinal cord injuries, and they were associated with multiple complications. Systemic steroids have not been proven to provide better clinical outcomes for acute low back pain. Steroid injections are more effective in radicular pain rather than axial pain. There are not enough high-quality studies on the use of steroids for metastatic spinal cord compression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5435\/jaaos-d-22-00971","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T11:06:16Z","timestamp":1684148776000},"page":"651-659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Use of Steroids in Spine Surgery"],"prefix":"10.5435","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5665-7322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Nourbakhsh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katelyn","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20250503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2015.08.002","article-title":"Corticosteroids: Mechanisms of action in health and disease","volume":"42","author":"Ramamoorthy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rheum Dis Clin North Am"},{"key":"R2-20250503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.4187\/respcare.06314","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology of corticosteroids","volume":"63","author":"Williams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir Care"},{"key":"R3-20250503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1159\/000362724","article-title":"One hormone, two actions: Anti- and pro-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids","volume":"22","author":"Cruz-Topete","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuroimmunomodulation"},{"key":"R4-20250503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj\/2016.19.327","article-title":"Particulate vs non-particulate steroids for transforaminal epidural steroid injections: Systematic review and meta-analysis of the current literature","volume":"6;19","author":"Makkar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"R5-20250503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2021.02.011","article-title":"Risk factors for postoperative dysphagia and dysphonia following anterior cervical spine surgery: A comprehensive study utilizing the hospital for special surgery dysphagia and dysphonia inventory (HSS-DDI)","volume":"21","author":"Okano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine J"},{"key":"R6-20250503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1177\/2192568217708776","article-title":"Corticosteroid administration to prevent complications of anterior cervical spine fusion: A systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Zadegan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glob Spine J"},{"key":"R7-20250503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.19.00198","article-title":"The effects of perioperative corticosteroids on dysphagia following surgical procedures involving the anterior cervical spine: A prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blinded clinical trial","volume":"101","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"R8-20250503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000003825","article-title":"Effect of topical steroid on swallowing following ACDF: Results of a prospective double-blind randomized control trial","volume":"46","author":"Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Spine (Phila Pa 1976)"},{"key":"R9-20250503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1461","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.17.01540","article-title":"The effect of local versus intravenous corticosteroids on the likelihood of dysphagia and dysphonia following anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: A single-blinded, prospective, randomized controlled trial","volume":"100","author":"Jenkins","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"R10-20250503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/7115254","article-title":"Intraoperative use of topical retropharyngeal steroids for dysphagia after anterior cervical fusion: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2021","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"R11-20250503","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-021-06727-1","article-title":"The retropharyngeal steroid use during operation on the fusion rate and dysphagia after ACDF? 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