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Open Veterinary Journal , (2026), V ol. 16(5): 2581-2600","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2026.v16.i5.2"},{"key":"ref287","unstructured":"2594Study Species Design Population Total Cases Estimate"},{"key":"ref288","unstructured":"Hypercortisolism"},{"key":"ref289","unstructured":"P\u00f6ppl et al."},{"key":"ref290","unstructured":"(2016)DogsRetrospective"},{"key":"ref291","unstructured":"(04\u201314)Multiple breeds, seen"},{"key":"ref292","unstructured":"in clinics\/hospitalsn = 1,308"},{"key":"ref293","unstructured":"female 9 years"},{"key":"ref294","unstructured":"(3.4)n = 523"},{"key":"ref295","unstructured":"10.2 years (2.9)40.0%"},{"key":"ref296","unstructured":"Freitas (2019) DogsRetrospective"},{"key":"ref297","unstructured":"(05\u201317)Multiple breeds,"},{"key":"ref298","unstructured":"necropsied (natural"},{"key":"ref299","unstructured":"death or euthanasia)n = 1,355"},{"key":"ref300","unstructured":"female 8 yearsn = 2 sex NR age"},{"key":"ref301","unstructured":"P\u00f6ppl et al."},{"key":"ref302","unstructured":"(2016)CatsRetrospective"},{"key":"ref303","unstructured":"(04\u201314)Multiple breeds, seen"},{"key":"ref304","unstructured":"in clinics\/hospitalsn = 92"},{"key":"ref305","unstructured":"female 11 years"},{"key":"ref306","unstructured":"(4.3)n = 3 sex NR age"},{"key":"ref307","unstructured":"Hypoadrenocorticism"},{"key":"ref308","unstructured":"Peres Camilo"},{"key":"ref309","unstructured":"et al.  (2021)Dogs Retrospective"},{"key":"ref310","unstructured":"(11\u201319)Multiple breeds, seen"},{"key":"ref311","unstructured":"in clinics\/hospitalsn = 36,685"},{"key":"ref312","unstructured":"sex NR age NRn = 32"},{"key":"ref313","unstructured":"5.3 years0.09%"},{"key":"ref314","unstructured":"Phaeochromocytoma"},{"key":"ref315","unstructured":"P\u00f6ppl et al."},{"key":"ref316","unstructured":"(2016)DogsRetrospective"},{"key":"ref317","unstructured":"(04\u201314)Multiple breeds, seen"},{"key":"ref318","unstructured":"in clinics\/hospitalsn = 1,308"},{"key":"ref319","unstructured":"femalen = 2 sex NR age"},{"key":"ref320","unstructured":"Tochetto et al."},{"key":"ref321","unstructured":"(2018)DogsRetrospective"},{"key":"ref322","unstructured":"(12\u201313)Multiple breeds,"},{"key":"ref323","unstructured":"necropsied (natural"},{"key":"ref324","unstructured":"death or euthanasia)n = 300"},{"key":"ref325","unstructured":"sex NR age NRn = 7 sex NR age"},{"key":"ref326","unstructured":"Tochetto et al."},{"key":"ref327","unstructured":"(2018)DogsRetrospective"},{"key":"ref328","unstructured":"(12\u201313)Multiple breeds,"},{"key":"ref329","unstructured":"necropsied (natural"},{"key":"ref330","unstructured":"death or euthanasia)n = 300"},{"key":"ref331","unstructured":"sex NR age NRn = 16"},{"key":"ref332","unstructured":"sex NR age NR5.3%"},{"key":"ref333","unstructured":"Tochetto et al."},{"key":"ref334","unstructured":"(2018)DogsRetrospective"},{"key":"ref335","unstructured":"(12\u201313)Multiple breeds,"},{"key":"ref336","unstructured":"necropsied (natural"},{"key":"ref337","unstructured":"death or euthanasia)n = 300"},{"key":"ref338","unstructured":"sex NR age NRn = 5 sex NR age"},{"key":"ref339","unstructured":"Slaviero et al."},{"key":"ref340","unstructured":"(2020)DogsRetrospective"},{"key":"ref341","unstructured":"(05\u201317)Multiple breeds,"},{"key":"ref342","unstructured":"gastrointestinal biopsyn = 24,711"},{"key":"ref343","unstructured":"sex NR age NRn = 1 sex NR age"},{"key":"ref344","unstructured":"Borges (2023) DogsRetrospective"},{"key":"ref345","unstructured":"(12\u201320)Multiple breeds, seen"},{"key":"ref346","unstructured":"at a hospital clinicn = 39,567"},{"key":"ref347","unstructured":"female 70% > 7"},{"key":"ref348","unstructured":"yearsn = 4 sex NR age"},{"key":"ref349","unstructured":"(2021)CatsRetrospective"},{"key":"ref350","unstructured":"(16\u201319)Multiple breeds,"},{"key":"ref351","unstructured":"necropsied (natural"},{"key":"ref352","unstructured":"death or euthanasia)n = 917"},{"key":"ref353","unstructured":"sex NR age NRn = 7 sex NR age"},{"key":"ref354","unstructured":"(2021)CatsRetrospective"},{"key":"ref355","unstructured":"(16\u201319)Multiple breeds,"},{"key":"ref356","unstructured":"necropsied (natural"},{"key":"ref357","unstructured":"death or euthanasia)n = 917"},{"key":"ref358","unstructured":"sex NR age NRn = 33"},{"key":"ref359","unstructured":"sex NR age NR3.6%"},{"key":"ref360","unstructured":"Diabetes insipidus"},{"key":"ref361","unstructured":"P\u00f6ppl et al."},{"key":"ref362","unstructured":"(2016)DogsRetrospective"},{"key":"ref363","unstructured":"(04\u201314)Multiple breeds, seen"},{"key":"ref364","unstructured":"in clinics and hospitalsn = 1,308"},{"key":"ref365","unstructured":"female 9 years"},{"key":"ref366","unstructured":"(3.4)n = 1 sex NR age"},{"key":"ref367","unstructured":"Note: Age is presented as the mean, with the standard deviation in parentheses. Abbreviations: NR, not reported by the authors. Source: prepared"},{"key":"ref368","unstructured":"by the authors."},{"key":"ref369","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.openveterinaryjournal.com"},{"key":"ref370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. L. P . de Carvalho et al.  Open Veterinary Journal , (2026), V ol. 16(5): 2581-2600","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2026.v16.i5.2"},{"key":"ref371","unstructured":"2595Table S2. Risk of bias assessment of included studies (JBI checklist for studies reporting prevalence)."},{"key":"ref372","unstructured":"Study Frame Sampling Size Population Coverage Methods Measure Stats Response Score Class."},{"key":"ref373","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez (2005)No No Yes No NA Unclear No No NA 17% High"},{"key":"ref374","unstructured":"Faria et al.  (2005) No Yes No No NA Yes Yes No NA 43% High"},{"key":"ref375","unstructured":"P\u00f6ppl et al. (2016) No No Yes No NA Unclear No No NA 17% High"},{"key":"ref376","unstructured":"Freitas (2019) No No Yes No NA Yes No No NA 29% High"},{"key":"ref377","unstructured":"Faria et al. (2013) No No No No NA Yes Yes No NA 29% High"},{"key":"ref378","unstructured":"Scalize et al."},{"key":"ref379","unstructured":"(2015)No No No No NA Yes Yes No NA 29% High"},{"key":"ref380","unstructured":"Taranti et al."},{"key":"ref381","unstructured":"(2022)No No No No NA Yes Yes No NA 29% High"},{"key":"ref382","unstructured":"Peres Camilo et al."},{"key":"ref383","unstructured":"(2021)No No Yes No NA Yes Yes No NA 43% High"},{"key":"ref384","unstructured":"Tochetto et al."},{"key":"ref385","unstructured":"(2018)No Yes Yes No NA Yes Yes No NA 57% Moderate"},{"key":"ref386","unstructured":"Slaviero et al."},{"key":"ref387","unstructured":"(2020)No No Yes No NA Yes Yes No NA 43% High"},{"key":"ref388","unstructured":"Argenta (2021) No No Yes No NA Yes Yes No NA 43% High"},{"key":"ref389","unstructured":"Borges (2023) No No Yes No NA Unclear No No NA 17% High"},{"key":"ref390","unstructured":"Santos (2006) No No Yes No NA Yes No No NA 29% High"},{"key":"ref391","unstructured":"Abbreviations: NA, not applicable. Source: prepared by the authors."},{"key":"ref392","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.openveterinaryjournal.com"},{"key":"ref393","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. L. P . de Carvalho et al.  Open Veterinary Journal , (2026), V ol. 16(5): 2581-2600","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2026.v16.i5.2"},{"key":"ref394","unstructured":"2596APPENDIX"},{"key":"ref395","unstructured":"Appendix 1. Search strategy."},{"key":"ref396","unstructured":"No. Search terms Results"},{"key":"ref397","unstructured":"#1 Endocrine system diseases [MH] OR endocrine disorder* OR endocrine disease* OR endocrinopath* 794,357"},{"key":"ref398","unstructured":"#2Diabetes mellitus [MH] OR diabet* OR (NIDDM OR DMII OR DM2 OR T2DM OR \"DM II\" OR"},{"key":"ref399","unstructured":"\"Type 2 DM\") OR (\"DM I\" OR IDDM OR T1DM OR \"Type 1 DM\" OR \"autoimmune DM\")859,782"},{"key":"ref400","unstructured":"#3Adrenocortical hyperfunction [MH] OR cushing syndrom* OR hyperadren* OR hypercorti* OR"},{"key":"ref401","unstructured":"hyperaldoster*15,087"},{"key":"ref402","unstructured":"#4Adrenal insufficiency [MH] OR addison disease OR hypoadren* OR hypocorti* OR hypoaldoster*"},{"key":"ref403","unstructured":"OR adrenal hypofunc* OR adrenal insufficien* OR adrenocortical hypofunc* OR adrenocortical"},{"key":"ref404","unstructured":"insufficien*13,588"},{"key":"ref405","unstructured":"#5Hypothyroidism [MH] OR hypothyroid* OR myxedema OR thyroid stimulating hormone deficien*"},{"key":"ref406","unstructured":"OR TSH deficien*31,672"},{"key":"ref407","unstructured":"#6 Hyperthyroidism [MH] OR hyperthyroid* OR graves disease OR thyrotoxicosis OR thyroid crisis 26,936"},{"key":"ref408","unstructured":"#7Hypoparathyroidism [MH] OR hypoparathyr* OR digeorge syndrom* OR di george syndrom* OR"},{"key":"ref409","unstructured":"22q11.2 deletion syndrom* 8,269"},{"key":"ref410","unstructured":"#8 Hyperparathyroidism [MH] OR hyperparathyr* 18,093"},{"key":"ref411","unstructured":"#9 Hypercalcemia [MH] OR hypercalcem* 10,721"},{"key":"ref412","unstructured":"#10Adrenal hyperplasia, congenital [MH] OR adrenal hyperplas* Neuroendocrine tumors [MH] OR"},{"key":"ref413","unstructured":"neuroendocrine tumo* OR Insulinoma OR paraganglioma* OR pheochromocytoma OR apudoma6,801"},{"key":"ref414","unstructured":"#11OR acidophil adenoma* OR basophil adenoma* OR chromophobe Adenoma* OR neuroendocrine"},{"key":"ref415","unstructured":"neoplas* OR carcinoid tumo* OR neuroendocrine carcinom*151,963"},{"key":"ref416","unstructured":"#12 Acromegaly [MH] OR acromegal* OR hypersomatot* OR somatotropin hypersecretion 6,289"},{"key":"ref417","unstructured":"#13 Diabetes insipidus OR vasopressin deficien* OR wolfram syndrom* 6,803"},{"key":"ref418","unstructured":"#14 #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 1,394,611"},{"key":"ref419","unstructured":"#15 Dogs [MH] OR dog OR canine* OR canis OR canidae 160,572"},{"key":"ref420","unstructured":"#16 Cats [MH] OR cat OR feline* OR felis OR felidae 128,603"},{"key":"ref421","unstructured":"#17 Pets [MH] OR pet OR companion animal* OR domestic animal* OR small animal* 569,428"},{"key":"ref422","unstructured":"#18 #15 OR #16 OR #17 791,336"},{"key":"ref423","unstructured":"#19 Brazil [MH] OR brazil* 559,439"},{"key":"ref424","unstructured":"#20 #14 AND #18 AND #19 784"},{"key":"ref425","unstructured":"#1TITLE-ABS-KEY (\"Endocrine System Disease*\" OR \"endocrine disorder*\" OR \"endocrine disease*\""},{"key":"ref426","unstructured":"OR \"endocrinopath*\")44,388"},{"key":"ref427","unstructured":"#2TITLE-ABS-KEY (diabet* OR niddm OR dmii OR dm2 OR t2dm OR (\"DM II\") OR (\"Type 2 DM\")"},{"key":"ref428","unstructured":"OR (\"DM I\") OR iddm OR t1dm OR (\"Type 1 DM\") OR (\"autoimmune DM\"))1,423,200"},{"key":"ref429","unstructured":"#3TITLE-ABS-KEY ((\"Adrenocortical Hyperfunction\") OR (\"cushing syndrom*\") OR (hyperadren*)"},{"key":"ref430","unstructured":"OR (hypercorti*) OR (hyperaldoster*))20,018"},{"key":"ref431","unstructured":"#4TITLE-ABS-KEY (\"Adrenal Insufficiency\" OR \"addison disease\" OR hypoadren* OR hypocorti* OR"},{"key":"ref432","unstructured":"hypoaldoster* OR \"adrenal hypofunc*\" OR \"adrenal insufficien*\" OR \"adrenocortical hypofunc*\" OR"},{"key":"ref433","unstructured":"\"adrenocortical insufficien*\")28,234"},{"key":"ref434","unstructured":"#5TITLE-ABS-KEY (hypothyroid* OR myxedema OR \"thyroid stimulating hormone deficien*\" OR"},{"key":"ref435","unstructured":"\"TSH deficien*\")99,851"},{"key":"ref436","unstructured":"#6 TITLE-ABS-KEY (hyperthyroid* OR \"graves disease\" OR thyrotoxicosis OR \"thyroid crisis\") 84,057"},{"key":"ref437","unstructured":"#7TITLE-ABS-KEY (hypoparathyr* OR \"digeorge syndrom*\" OR \"di george syndrom*\" OR \"22q11.2"},{"key":"ref438","unstructured":"deletion syndrom*\")18,229"},{"key":"ref439","unstructured":"#8 TITLE-ABS-KEY (hyperparathyr*) 45,684"},{"key":"ref440","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.openveterinaryjournal.com"},{"key":"ref441","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. L. P . de Carvalho et al.  Open Veterinary Journal , (2026), V ol. 16(5): 2581-2600","DOI":"10.5455\/OVJ.2026.v16.i5.2"},{"key":"ref442","unstructured":"2597#9 TITLE-ABS-KEY (hypercalcem*) 39,137"},{"key":"ref443","unstructured":"#10 TITLE-ABS-KEY (\"adrenal hyperplas*\") 15,537"},{"key":"ref444","unstructured":"#11TITLE-ABS-KEY (\"neuroendocrine tumo*\" OR insulinoma OR paraganglioma* OR"},{"key":"ref445","unstructured":"pheochromocytoma OR apudoma OR \"'acidophil adenoma*\" OR \"basophil adenoma*\" OR"},{"key":"ref446","unstructured":"\"chromophobe adenoma*\" OR \"neuroendocrine neoplas*\" OR \"carcinoid tumo*\" OR \"neuroendocrine"},{"key":"ref447","unstructured":"carcinom*\")113,902"},{"key":"ref448","unstructured":"#12 TITLE-ABS-KEY (acromegal* OR hypersomatot* OR \"somatotropin hypersecretion\") 16,859"},{"key":"ref449","unstructured":"#13 TITLE-ABS-KEY (\"vasopressin deficien*\" OR \"wolfram syndrom*\") 1,787"},{"key":"ref450","unstructured":"#14 #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 1,843,236"},{"key":"ref451","unstructured":"#15 TITLE-ABS-KEY (dogs OR dog OR canine* OR canis OR canidae) 552,610"},{"key":"ref452","unstructured":"#16 TITLE-ABS-KEY (cats OR cat OR feline* OR felis OR felidae) 331,373"},{"key":"ref453","unstructured":"#17 TITLE-ABS-KEY (pets OR pet OR (companion animal*) OR (domestic animal*) OR (small animal*) 1,006,268"},{"key":"ref454","unstructured":"#18 #15 OR #16 OR #17 1,755,985"},{"key":"ref455","unstructured":"#19 TITLE-ABS-KEY (brazil*) 5,22,329"},{"key":"ref456","unstructured":"#20 #14 AND #18 AND #19 106"},{"key":"ref457","unstructured":"Web of science"},{"key":"ref458","unstructured":"#1ALL = ((Endocrine system diseases) OR (endocrine disorder*) OR (endocrine disease*) OR"},{"key":"ref459","unstructured":"(endocrinopath*))144,355"},{"key":"ref460","unstructured":"#2 ALL = (diabet* OR NIDDM OR DMII OR DM2 OR T2DM OR IDDM OR T1DM) 1,515,087"},{"key":"ref461","unstructured":"#3ALL = ((Adrenocortical hyperfunction) OR (cushing syndrom*) OR (hyperadren*) OR (hypercorti*)"},{"key":"ref462","unstructured":"OR (hyperaldoster*))20,025"},{"key":"ref463","unstructured":"#4ALL = (((addison disease) OR hypoadren* OR hypocorti* OR hypoaldoster* OR (adrenal hypofunc*)"},{"key":"ref464","unstructured":"OR (adrenal insufficien*)))18,122"},{"key":"ref465","unstructured":"#5ALL = ((hypothyroid*) OR myxedema OR (thyroid stimulating hormone deficien*) OR (TSH"},{"key":"ref466","unstructured":"deficien*))55,155"},{"key":"ref467","unstructured":"#6 ALL = (hyperthyroid* OR (graves disease) OR thyrotoxicosis OR (thyroid crisis)) 54,212"},{"key":"ref468","unstructured":"#7 ALL = (hypoparathyr* OR (di george syndrom*) OR (22q11.2 deletion syndrom*)) 11,527"},{"key":"ref469","unstructured":"#8 ALL = (hyperparathyr*) 33,944"},{"key":"ref470","unstructured":"#9 ALL = (hypercalcem*) 21,069"},{"key":"ref471","unstructured":"#10 ALL = (adrenal hyperplas*) 13,563"},{"key":"ref472","unstructured":"#11ALL = ((neuroendocrine tumo*) OR insulinoma OR paraganglioma* OR pheochromocytoma OR"},{"key":"ref473","unstructured":"apudoma OR (neuroendocrine neoplas*) OR (carcinoid tumo*) OR (neuroendocrine carcinom*))97,334"},{"key":"ref474","unstructured":"#12 ALL = (acromegal* OR hypersomatot*) 11,003"},{"key":"ref475","unstructured":"#13 ALL = ((vasopressin deficien*) OR (wolfram syndrom*)) 3,762"},{"key":"ref476","unstructured":"#14 #1 OR #2 OR #3 OR #4 OR #5 OR #6 OR #7 OR #8 OR #9 OR #10 OR #11 OR #12 OR #13 1,847,354"},{"key":"ref477","unstructured":"#15 ALL = (dogs OR dog OR canine* OR canis OR canidae) 457,202"},{"key":"ref478","unstructured":"#16 ALL = (cats OR cat OR feline* OR felis OR felidae) 334,890"},{"key":"ref479","unstructured":"#17 ALL = (pets OR pet OR (companion animal*) OR (domestic animal*) OR (small animal*)) 663,565"},{"key":"ref480","unstructured":"#18 #15 OR #16 OR #17 1,342,970"},{"key":"ref481","unstructured":"#19 ALL=(brazil*) 1,771,097"},{"key":"ref482","unstructured":"#20 #14 AND #18 AND #19 867"},{"key":"ref483","unstructured":"#1tw:((doen\u00e7as do sistema end\u00f3crino) OR (desordens endocrin*) OR (desordem endocrin*) OR (doen\u00e7a"},{"key":"ref484","unstructured":"endocrin*) OR (doen\u00e7as endocrin*) OR endocrinopat*)181"},{"key":"ref485","unstructured":"#2tw:(diabet* OR DMNID OR DMII OR DM2 OR DMT2 OR DMID OR DMT1 OR (DM Autoimune)"},{"key":"ref486","unstructured":"OR (DM tipo 1) OR (DM tipo 2))1,021"},{"key":"ref487","unstructured":"http:\/\/www.openveterinaryjournal.com"},{"key":"ref488","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. L. P . de Carvalho et al.  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