{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T19:00:20Z","timestamp":1791054020226,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,18]],"date-time":"2021-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621296000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ogscience.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obstet Gynecol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective Recent studies have shown a possible association between vitamin D deficiency and the severity of primary dysmenorrhea. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of vitamin D supplementation on pain and systemic symptoms in patients with primary dysmenorrhea.Methods This double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted on female students aged 18 to 32 years with primary dysmenorrhea and vitamin D deficiency (25 [OH]D &lt;30 ng\/mL). The participants (n=116) received either 50,000 IU of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) or placebo capsules on a weekly basis for eight consecutive weeks. The outcomes were pain intensity (scored 0 to 10), number of days with pain, number of consumed pain-relief medications (per day), and severity of systemic symptoms (fatigue, headache, nausea\/vomiting, and diarrhea; total score of 0 to 12).Results Compared with baseline, our participants who received vitamin D experienced significant reductions in pain intensity (-1.0 and -1.5 score at weeks 4 and 8, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;0.001), the number of days with pain (-1.0 day at weeks 4 and 8, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;0.001), the number of consumed pain-relief medications (-1.0 at weeks 4 and 8, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;0.001), and systemic symptoms severity (-1.0 score at weeks 4 and 8, &lt;i&gt;P&lt;\/i&gt;&lt;0.001). No significant improvements were observed in the placebo group in terms of these outcomes.Conclusion Vitamin D supplementation in women with primary dysmenorrhea and vitamin D deficiency could improve systemic symptoms and reduce pain intensity, the number of days with pain, and the need for consuming pain-relief medications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.20316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,19]],"date-time":"2021-05-19T23:18:06Z","timestamp":1621466286000},"page":"353-363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5468\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Vitamin D supplementation for primary dysmenorrhea: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.5468","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh 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