{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:57:35Z","timestamp":1790146655418,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1705968000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ogscience.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obstet Gynecol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN) is a noninvasive squamous lesion that is a precursor of vulvar squamous cell cancer. Currently, no screening tests are available for detecting VIN, and a biopsy is performed to confirm the clinical diagnosis. Despite sharing many risk factors with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, the diagnosis of VIN is poses challenges, contributing to its increasing prevalence. This study aimed to analyze the underlying risk factors that contribute to the development of VIN, identify specific populations at risk, and define appropriate treatment approaches. Differentiated VIN (dVIN) and usual VIN (uVIN) are the classifications of VIN. While dVIN is associated with other vulvar inflammatory disorders, such as lichen sclerosis, the more prevalent uVIN is associated with an underlying human papillomavirus infection. Patients with differentiated VIN have an increased risk of developing invasive malignancies. Few effective surveillance or management techniques exist for vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia, a preinvasive neoplasm of the vulva. For suspicious lesions, a thorough examination and focused biopsy are necessary. Depending on the specific needs of each patient, a combination of surgical and medical approaches can be used.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.23274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T23:19:30Z","timestamp":1706051970000},"page":"169-185","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5468\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Vulval premalignant lesions: a review article"],"prefix":"10.5468","volume":"67","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4055-5148","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sumedha","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sana","family":"Ahuja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dheer Singh","family":"Kalwaniya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saritha","family":"Shamsunder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalu","family":"Solanki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"3425","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.grf.0000181738.37911.03"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"122","volume-title":"New nomenclature for vulvar disease","year":"1976"},{"key":"ref3","first-page":"973","volume-title":"Report of the ISSVD terminology committee","author":"Wilkinson","year":"1986"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ogx.0000201921.69949.10"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00128360-200607000-00008"},{"key":"ref6","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Tumors of the vulva","author":"Wilkinson","year":"2003"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.06.021"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2008.11.037"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004347-200101000-00003"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pgp.0000189238.19027.df"},{"key":"ref11","first-page":"429","volume-title":"Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia of the simplex (differentiated) type: a clinicopathologic study including analysis of HPV and p53 expression","author":"Yang","year":"2000"},{"key":"ref12","first-page":"205","volume-title":"The lower anogenital squamous terminology standardization project for HPV-associated lesions: background and consensus recommendations from the College of American Pathologists and the American Society for Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology","author":"Darragh","year":"2012"},{"key":"ref13","volume-title":"","year":"c2018"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/lgt.0000000000000169"},{"key":"ref15","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Tumours of the vulva; epithelial tumors","author":"Crum","year":"2014"},{"key":"ref16","volume-title":"","year":"c2020"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogoh.2020.101801"},{"key":"ref18","first-page":"991","volume-title":"Incidence and management of condylomata acuminata by French general physicians","author":"Lukasiewicz","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref19","first-page":"107","volume-title":"Anogenital warts incidence, medical management and costs in women consulting gynaecologists in France","author":"Monson\u00e9go","year":"2007"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2005.02.012"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ogx.0000201922.51030.ab"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33198"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2013.06.033"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.33185"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0b013e31820bfb16"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.30821"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/pap.0000000000000155"},{"key":"ref28","first-page":"2481","volume-title":"DNA methylation markers for cancer risk prediction of vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia","author":"Thuijs","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.1633"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.epi-16-0019"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/his.12034"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-17-1302"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2016.187"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41379-020-0524-1"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13010027"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathol.2016.02.015"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2014.05.057"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1438.2002.01140.x"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2008.02.012"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01443610802668938"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1997.tb11461.x"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11121942"},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2014.07.010"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5858\/arpa.2018-0019-rs"},{"key":"ref45","first-page":"126","volume-title":"Colposcopy of the vulva, perineum and anal canal","author":"Kesic","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref46","volume-title":"","author":"Neill","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/lgt.0000000000000572"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/lgt.0000000000000532"},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25302"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.can-08-0327"},{"key":"ref51","first-page":"E85","volume-title":"Intraepithelial macrophage infiltration is related to a high number of regulatory T cells and promotes a progressive course of HPV-induced vulvar neoplasia","author":"van Esch","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm934"},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2018.1542426"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.cd011837.pub2"},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2020.1074"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2017.11.006"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2016.06.019"},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamadermatol.2015.0643"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/pgp.0000000000000280"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2011.07.010"},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2007.02.009"},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"859","volume-title":"Vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia: clinical presentation, management and outcomes in women infected with HIV","author":"Bradbury","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2007.03.023"},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3802\/jgo.2013.24.3.236"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/msm.881941"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/lgt.0b013e318284c1ed"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/igc.0b013e3182a57fd6"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2012.07.118"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/gyno.2001.6577"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2015.08.018"},{"key":"ref71","first-page":"701","volume-title":"Imiquimod in the treatment of multifocal vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia 2\/3. Results of a pilot study","author":"van Seters","year":"2002"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2007.06.003"},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/nejmoa072685"},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1470-2045(14)70456-5"},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15124"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.ccr-17-0040"},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2012.09.020"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2007.05.019"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.10048"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2009.03.004"},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2019.07.017"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2006.04.011"},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aog.0000000000002736"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2019.03.253"},{"key":"ref85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(07)60777-6"},{"key":"ref86","first-page":"180","volume-title":"Vulvar lichen sclerosus and neoplastic transformation: a retrospective study of 976 cases","author":"Micheletti","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.13961"},{"key":"ref88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-014-0254-4"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.13.69"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32565"},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-020-00286-8"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/tp.0b013e318249b13d"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semnephrol.2016.05.016"},{"key":"ref94","first-page":"e13590","volume-title":"Human papillomavirus infection in solid organ transplant recipients: guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation infectious diseases community of practice","author":"Chin-Hong","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/ogscience.org\/upload\/pdf\/ogs-23274.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/ogscience.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.5468\/ogs.23274","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/ogscience.org\/upload\/pdf\/ogs-23274.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,13]],"date-time":"2024-03-13T06:23:55Z","timestamp":1710311035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/ogscience.org\/journal\/view.php?doi=10.5468\/ogs.23274"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5468\/ogs.23274","relation":{},"ISSN":["2287-8580"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2287-8580","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-20","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-01-23","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published online","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-15","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Print publication","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}