{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,22]],"date-time":"2025-03-22T04:03:03Z","timestamp":1742616183166,"version":"3.40.2"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Korean Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739318400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.ogscience.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Obstet Gynecol Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective To analyze the microbiological and clinical characteristics of vulvovaginitis in girls, distinguishing between the premenarcheal and postmenarcheal groups in a tertiary center in South Korea.Methods This retrospective cohort study included 195 patients under 20 years of age diagnosed with vulvovaginitis at a tertiary hospital between 2014 and 2023. The patients were categorized into premenarcheal (n=95) and postmenarcheal (n=100) groups. Data on initial symptoms, microbial cultures, and treatment methods were analyzed.Results The most common initial symptom was vaginal discharge, reported in 63.1% of cases. Culture results showed a 51.3% positivity rate for any microorganism, with a prevalence of gram-negative rods (32.8%) and gram-positive cocci (14.4%). The most frequently isolated microorganisms were &lt;i&gt;Escherichia coli&lt;\/i&gt; (17.9%), &lt;i&gt;Candida albicans&lt;\/i&gt; (7.7%), and &lt;i&gt;Enterococcus faecalis&lt;\/i&gt; (6.7%). Gram-negative rods were more common in the premenarcheal group (37.1% vs. 25.0%; &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt;=0.01). No significant differences were observed in the prevalence of gram-positive cocci and &lt;i&gt;Candida&lt;\/i&gt; species between the two groups (16.8% vs. 12.0%, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt;=0.22; 6.3% vs. 13.0%, &lt;i&gt;p&lt;\/i&gt;=0.09; respectively). The susceptibilities of grampositive microorganisms to penicillin, oxacillin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and tetracycline were 58.8%, 58.3%, 94.7%, 100.0%, and 73.7%, respectively. The susceptibilities of gram-negative microorganisms to amoxicillin\/clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and nitrofurantoin were 89.3%, 85.3%, 76.0%, and 100.0%, respectively.Conclusion This study identified differences in the microbial profiles associated with vulvovaginitis between premenarcheal and postmenarcheal girls. Age-specific and history-based clinical approaches tailored to menarcheal status are warranted to improve the management and outcomes of pediatric and adolescent vulvovaginitis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.24215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]],"date-time":"2025-02-13T01:11:01Z","timestamp":1739409061000},"page":"163-173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5468\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Microbiological and clinical characteristics of vulvovaginitis in premenarcheal and postmenarcheal girls in a tertiary center in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.5468","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Soo Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ki Wook","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji Yeon","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sung Woo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae Hyeon","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eun Hwa","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6423-854X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seung-Yup","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"3425","reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-022-04631-4"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/tp-23-183"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2011.08.002"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2018.00181"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2011.05.013"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5468\/ogs.2016.59.2.130"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/idr.s337205"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-012-1705-9"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2019.08.009"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cppeds.2020.100836"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2016.08.002"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/hc10150"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2008.0962"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0507.2006.01235.x"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-021-04199-1"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/olq.0000000000000975"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2013-131959"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64291-y"},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.00219-21"},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110183"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11046-020-00440-1"},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.977157"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02702"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060618"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2017.06.002"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/grf.0000000000000536"},{"key":"ref27","first-page":"1024","volume-title":"Clinical and etiological characteristics of infectious vulvovaginitis in children in Zhejiang province from 2009 to 2019","author":"Gao","year":"2023"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7754\/clin.lab.2023.230936"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2021.05.012"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpag.2013.05.003"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-024-00726-8"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.2861"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsz098"}],"container-title":["Obstetrics &amp; 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