{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T03:02:20Z","timestamp":1789873340140,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Exp Med"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Postoperative inflammation after joint injury or surgery contributes to pain, edema, and delayed functional recovery. Cryotherapy is commonly used to alleviate pain and modulate inflammatory responses; however, the effectiveness of various cooling modalities in reducing temperatures in deeper periarticular and intra-articular tissues remains uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>AIM<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To compare the cooling performance of a convection-based cryotherapy system with two circulating-pad cooling systems in reducing temperature at various tissue depths.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>METHODS<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A cadaveric porcine knee model was used to assess comparative thermal transfer in periarticular tissues and the joint space. Thermocouples were placed at three sites: Subdermal, intramuscular, and intra-articular. Four experimental cooling conditions were evaluated by using: SootheAway 1 (SA1), SootheAway 2 (SA2), ThermoCuff (convection-based), and ambient control. Each cooling session lasted 60 minutes using a target coolant\/air temperature of 35 \u00b0F (1.6 \u00b0C). The prespecified primary endpoint was the change in temperature at 20 minutes (\u0394T20 = T20 - T0).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>RESULTS<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>ThermoCuff produced a larger observed early temperature reduction through the tested compartments. At the subdermal level, \u0394T20 was -14.8 \u00b0C with ThermoCuff compared with -8.4 \u00b0C for SA2, -3.9 \u00b0C for SA1, and -1.8 \u00b0C for ambient exposure. Intramuscular cooling was modest with ThermoCuff (-1.8 \u00b0C) and SA2 (-1.3 \u00b0C), whereas SA1 showed warming (+6.5 \u00b0C). At the intra-articular level, ThermoCuff achieved the highest temperature reduction (-10.0 \u00b0C), compared with -3.9 \u00b0C for SA2 and -3.3 \u00b0C for ambient exposure; SA1 showed warming (+4.8 \u00b0C).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>CONCLUSION<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In the cadaveric porcine knee model, the convection-based system achieved better early cooling than the circulating-pad systems, especially at the subdermal and intra-articular levels. These preliminary preclinical findings support the hypothesis that cooling modality might affect the depth and magnitude of thermal transfer under controlled laboratory conditions and require in vivo  confirmation before clinical translation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5493\/wjem.124656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T10:50:21Z","timestamp":1785408621000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Convection-based\n                    <i>vs<\/i>\n                    conduction-based cooling in rehabilitation: A cadaveric porcine study of surface and intra-articular temperature reduction"],"prefix":"10.5493","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Mariam A","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bassant","family":"Abdelhameed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Beltagi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Masoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara Abdel-Aal","family":"Mohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed A","family":"Khalifa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2025.151915"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110785"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/ar2069"},{"key":"B4","unstructured":"Gerena LA, Mabrouk A, DeCastro A.   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