{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T01:32:18Z","timestamp":1767144738477,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>The previous studies have primarily focused on the influence of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injection on emotions during the period of peak motor symptom improvement in blepharospasm patients, based on facial feedback hypothesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>AIM<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To evaluate the sustained anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of BoNT-A in blepharospasm patients beyond motor symptom control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>METHODS<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>We recruited benign essential blepharospasm patients with BoNT-A treatment and collected their data to compare scale scores of Jankovic Rating Scale, Blepharospasm Disability Index, Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS), Hamilton Anxiety Scale and Hamilton Depression Scale between pre-treatment (baseline) and pre-reinjection (treatment), to further assess the effects of repeated treatments with BoNT by using sub-group analyses in the certain special states.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>RESULTS<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>A total of 21 eligible blepharospasm patients were with the mean age of 58.4 years and a male-to-female ratio of 1:6. Significantly decreases in the subscale scores of SDS and SAS, including SDS well-being index, decreased capacity and hard to decide, SAS inability to sit still and headache were showed at post-a single BoNT-A injection when scale scores of Jankovic Rating Scale and Blepharospasm Disability Index were matched between baseline and post-treatment. With each additional BoNT-A injection, the odds ratio of patients with the moderate depressive symptoms decreased by 92.6%. Moreover, BoNT treatment remained a decrease in the subscale scores of SDS and SAS in patients with repeated injections.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>CONCLUSION<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>This study is to demonstrate that repeated BoNT-A injection have a long-lasting relief for anxiety and depressive symptoms in blepharospasm even after its motor symptom-modulating effects have diminished.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v16.i1.112973","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T01:30:15Z","timestamp":1767144615000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sustained anxiolytic and antidepressant effects of botulinum toxin A in blepharospasm patients beyond motor symptom control"],"prefix":"10.5498","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Xin-Yi","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min-Ye","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Ying","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian-Ting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Zuo","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ling","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian-Chao","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Bin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","unstructured":"Wood HC.   Nervous Diseases and Their Diagnosis: A Treatise upon the Phenomena Produced by Diseases of the Nervous System. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1937"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.39.12.1204"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26934"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13010058"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v14.i5.624"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20471\/acc.2022.61.03.02"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004900.pub3"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2023.107251"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2024.11.05"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22983"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20407\/fmj.2019-027"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S181820"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S141066"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2007.10.649"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.70264"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.11.006"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14060383"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-024-02658-y"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-011-9890-y"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13010042"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.13m08845"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22233"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.21333"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(71)71479-0"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8341.1959.tb00467.x"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1965.01720310065008"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.23.1.56"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2005.08.002"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1975.01760260035002"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.01.158"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/NS20180058"},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12120803"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11607\/ofph.2917"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14090619"},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.09.003"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2022.08.063"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01676830.2020.1733028"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14906"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2007.03.006"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2008.153569"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2008.12.026"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2015.04.011"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14846"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000230500.03330.01"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17030140"},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0375-08.2008"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/2220-3206\/full\/v16\/i1\/112973.htm","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/2220-3206\/full\/v16\/i1\/112973.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T01:31:08Z","timestamp":1767144668000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/2220-3206\/full\/v16\/i1\/112973.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1"},"alternative-id":["112973"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5498\/wjp.v16.i1.112973","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-3206"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-3206","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]}}}