{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T20:14:49Z","timestamp":1793218489173,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Psychiatry"],"abstract":"<jats:p>BACKGROUND<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by pronounced behavioral heterogeneity and individual variability. Growing evidence indicates a strong association between gut microbiota and ASD; however, differences in microbial functions across varying levels of ASD severity remain poorly understood. Monozygotic twins (MZs) provide an appropriate model for examining the influence of nonshared environmental factors in ASD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>AIM<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>To investigate the effects of the gut microbiome in MZs with ASD using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>METHODS<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Participants were recruited from the Chinese MZs with autism spectrum disorder (MZCo-ASD) cohort and stratified into mild MZCo-ASD and severe MZCo-ASD (MZCo-ASD-H) groups based on their Childhood Autism Rating Scale scores. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>RESULTS<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Although overall microbial diversity did not differ significantly between the groups, gut microbiota composition was notably altered. At the genus level, Por phyromonas  was significantly enriched in the MZCo-ASD-H group. Clusters of Orthologous Groups analysis revealed decreased expression of key genes in the MZCo-ASD-H group, including fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase, membrane-bound lytic murein transglycosylase, PasI (part of the RatAB toxin-antitoxin system), HmoA, and a glycoside hydrolase family 25 domain-containing protein. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Orthology analysis showed that msmF  (K10118) and msmG  (K10119), involved in oligosaccharide transport, were significantly downregulated in the MZCo-ASD-H group, suggesting a reduced microbial capacity for prebiotic carbohydrate utilization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>CONCLUSION<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Despite similar overall diversity, children with severe ASD exhibited distinct gut microbiota structures and functional impairments. The enrichment of Porphyromonas , along with the reduced expression of genes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and stress responses in the high-severity group, suggests an association between gut microbial dysregulation and ASD severity. These findings provide new insights into microbiota-related mechanisms underlying ASD and highlight potential functional targets for intervention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v16.i2.111012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T11:46:39Z","timestamp":1769687199000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Characteristics and functions of the gut microbiome in monozygotic twins with autism spectrum disorders of varying severity"],"prefix":"10.5498","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yi-Yang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Yan","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13403"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31129-2"},{"key":"B3","unstructured":"Ducloy M, Tabet AC, Bouvard M, Bourgeron T, Delorme R. 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