{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:56:12Z","timestamp":1781744172444,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Baishideng Publishing Group Inc.","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["World J Virol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Machupo virus (MACV), classified within the Mammarenavirus genus of the Arenaviridae family, serves as the causative agent of Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (BHF), a life-threatening zoonosis primarily confined to rural regions of Bolivia\u2019s Beni Department. First identified in 1959 during epidemics in San Joaqu\u00edn, this bisegmented, ambisense, single-stranded RNA virus exhibits 20%-35% case-fatality rates, with highest lethality among children under 5 and adults over 55. The vesper mouse (Calomys callosus ) acts as the principal reservoir, sustaining lifelong asymptomatic infections and shedding virus through excreta, facilitating human spillover via  aerosol inhalation, contaminated food, or direct contact-predominant in agrarian settings. Clinically, BHF follows a 5-21 days incubation with initial nonspecific febrile prodrome (fever, myalgia, prostration) evolving into hemorrhagic diathesis (petechiae, mucosal bleeds), neurological signs (tremors, delirium), leukopenia\/thrombocytopenia, and shock. Pathogenesis hinges on transferrin receptor 1-mediated endothelial tropism, type I interferon suppression (NP\/Z), and cytokine storms, recapitulated in guinea pig\/primate models. Designated Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Category A and biosafety level (BSL)-4, MACV constrains research; diagnostics demand reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, or isolation in maximum containment. Supportive therapy prevails, augmented by off-label ribavirin (preclinical efficacy) and convalescent plasma; Candid 1 (Jun\u00edn-attenuated) cross-protects informally. This review details MACV\u2019s genomic organization (L\/S segments encoding L\/Z, NP\/GPC), epidemiology, etiology, and advances: Reverse genetics for antivirals, GP-specific mAbs (100% guinea pig survival), multi-epitope vaccines, and high-throughput screening entry inhibitors. One health imperatives-rodent control, artificial intelligence surveillance, and Bolivian BSL-3 expansion-counter ecological drivers like deforestation. Amid climate, prioritizing global collaborations will forge resilient countermeasures, leveraging MACV as a sentinel for new world arenavirus threats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v15.i2.119515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:37:32Z","timestamp":1781743052000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Understanding machupo virus: A neglected arenavirus with global health importance"],"prefix":"10.5501","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Praveen Kumar","family":"Uppala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sita Kumari","family":"Karanam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naga Vishnu","family":"Kandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandhya","family":"Edhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"2060","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2012.687719"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095632020801900106"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/095632020001100306"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00209-22"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009356"},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01741-19"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4010083"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101589"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2021.102001"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2014.02.007"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1567-1348(02)00026-6"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00372"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-3542(93)90085-w"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clind\/24.4.718"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1509.090017"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5501\/wjv.v14.i1.100003"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines7040138"},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112742108"},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.77.19.10700-10705.2003"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985815588609"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0305-1978(02)00230-2"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56029-3_2"},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.54117\/ce4f2d92"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-023-04604-9"},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11030-025-11249-9"},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v17070996"},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines12060674"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10101732"}],"container-title":["World Journal of Virology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/2220-3249\/full\/v15\/i2\/119515.htm","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/2220-3249\/full\/v15\/i2\/119515.htm","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:37:44Z","timestamp":1781743064000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.wjgnet.com\/2220-3249\/full\/v15\/i2\/119515.htm"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2"},"alternative-id":["119515"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5501\/wjv.v15.i2.119515","relation":{},"ISSN":["2220-3249"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2220-3249","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]]}}}