{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,30]],"date-time":"2026-01-30T05:48:26Z","timestamp":1769752106632,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Egyptian Association of Immunologists","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The post-SARS-CoV-2 immune response involves both neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) and T-cell cooperation. Healthcare workers, highly exposed in daily practice, represent a relevant population for study. This study aimed to describe the post-COVID-19 immune profiles of Ivorian healthcare workers by analyzing the association between antibodies (IgM, IgG, NAbs) and Th1 cytokines (IL-2, IFN-\uf067, TNF-\u03b1). This cross-sectional study, conducted during January 2022 to June 2023 in three university hospitals in Abidjan, included 36 participants with RT-PCR-confirmed infection. IgM and IgG were measured using an automated analyzer. NAbs were quantified on a multiparametric test system. IL-2, IFN-\uf020\uf067, and TNF-\u03b1 were measured by a flow cytometer. A robust profile was defined by the combined presence of IgG \u2265 250 Binding Antibody Units (BAU)\/ml, NAbs \u2265 800 BAU\/ml, and at least one Th1 cytokine (IL-2 \u2265 2.3 pg\/ml or IFN-\uf020\uf067 \u2265 0.5 pg\/ml). The study participants were 63.9% women with mean age of 40.7 years. All participants had detectable IgG; 69.4% displayed high NAbs, and 75.0% had IL-2 \u2265 2.3 pg\/ml. IgG correlated positively with IL-2 (\u03c1 = 0.667; p &lt; 0.0001) but negatively correlated with IFN-\uf020\uf067 (\u03c1 = -0.535; p = 0.0008). NAbs were positively associated with IL-2 (\u03c1 = 0.341; p = 0.0416) but negatively associated with IFN-\uf020\uf067 (\u03c1 = -0.740; p &lt; 0.0001). Of the participants, 25 (69.4%) were classified as robust and 11 (30.6%) as non-robust. Robust profiles showed higher IgG, NAbs, and IL-2 levels, whereas non-robust profiles had higher IFN-\uf020\uf067. Vaccination status did not significantly differentiate groups. In conclusion, in Ivorian healthcare workers, robustness of the post-infection immune response is based on the synergy between NAbs and IL-2. Conversely, high IFN-\uf020\uf067 levels were associated with weaker neutralization, probably influenced by post-infection kinetics. These results suggested that immune monitoring should integrate combined profiles, beyond IgG alone, to identify individuals requiring priority vaccination follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.55133\/eji.330107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T14:37:39Z","timestamp":1769697459000},"page":"62-70","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Post-covid-19 immune signatures: Antibody and Th1 cytokine profiles among healthcare workers in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire"],"prefix":"10.55133","volume":"33","author":[{"name":"Department of Immunology & Allergology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Universit\u00e9 F\u00e9lix Houphou\u00ebt-Boigny, Abidjan, C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire.","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amah","family":"Goran-Kouacou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33636","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"container-title":["The Egyptian journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T14:37:39Z","timestamp":1769697459000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ejimmunology.org\/vol-33-1-2026-07"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55133\/eji.330107","relation":{},"ISSN":["1110-4902","2090-2506"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1110-4902","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-2506","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]}}}