{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T11:51:46Z","timestamp":1776167506078,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Egyptian Association of Immunologists","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["EJI"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Trichinella spiralis is a widely prevalent foodborne helminth that establishes chronic infection through modulation of host immunity. This study investigated the temporal dynamics of interferon- g (IFN- g), transforming growth factor-\u03b2 (TGF-\u03b2), and intestinal TGF-\u03b2 receptor II expression during experimental T. spiralis infection and examined their relationship to parasite burden and tissue pathology. The study included 40 Swiss albino mice, orally infected with 250\u2013300 larvae and sacrificed at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days post-infection (dpi). Adult worms and muscle larvae were quantified, serum cytokines were measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and intestinal TGF-\u03b2 receptor II expression was evaluated immunohistochemically. Histopathological changes in intestinal and muscle tissues were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Adult worm burden peaked at 7 dpi (300.19 \u00b1 25.8) and declined sharply thereafter, with complete clearance by 28 dpi. Muscle larvae accumulated progressively, reaching approximately 1 \u00d7 10\u2074 larvae\/mouse at 28 dpi. IFN- g levels rose significantly during the early intestinal phase, peaking at 7 dpi, and then declined toward baseline by 28 dpi. In contrast, TGF-\u03b2 increased steadily throughout infection, and remained markedly elevated during the muscle phase. A significant negative correlation was observed between IFN-g and TGF-\u03b2 (r = \u22120.42, p=0.012). TGF-\u03b2 receptor II expression in the intestine was significantly up-regulated at 3\u201314 dpi and declined by 28 dpi. Histopathology revealed pronounced intestinal inflammation at 7\u201314 dpi with near-complete mucosal restoration by 28 dpi, while skeletal muscle displayed characteristic nurse cell\u2013larva complexes. These findings demonstrated a coordinated shift from early IFN- g \u2013mediated inflammation to sustained TGF-\u03b2\u2013driven regulation, supporting parasite persistence and limiting tissue injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.55133\/eji.330201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:57:32Z","timestamp":1776164252000},"page":"01-13","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Trichinella spiralis \u2013 induced modulation of IFN-g and TGF-\u03b2 shapes host immunity to support chronic infection"],"prefix":"10.55133","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Tarek","family":"Zaalouk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Parasitology Faculty of Medicine, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"33636","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"container-title":["The Egyptian journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T10:57:32Z","timestamp":1776164252000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ejimmunology.org\/vol-33-2-2026-01\/"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.55133\/eji.330201","relation":{},"ISSN":["1110-4902","2090-2506"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1110-4902","type":"print"},{"value":"2090-2506","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]]}}}